Nagaland, a state nestled in the northeastern corner of India, is characterized by its captivating mountainous terrain. Its physiography is a fascinating blend of hills, valleys, rivers, and forests, creating a unique and diverse landscape.
1. Mountainous Terrain:
Naga Hills: The most prominent feature of Nagaland's physiography is the Naga Hills. These hills rise abruptly from the Brahmaputra Valley in the north and gradually increase in elevation towards the southeast.
Patkai Range: Along the Myanmar border, the Naga Hills merge with the Patkai Range, which is a part of the Arakan system. This range is home to Nagaland's highest peak, Mount Saramati, reaching a height of 12,552 feet (3,826 meters).
Other Notable Peaks: Apart from Mount Saramati, Nagaland boasts several other impressive peaks, including Japf (3014 meters) in Kohima district, Zanbou (2750 meters) and Kpamedz (2620 meters) in Phek district.
2. Valleys and Rivers:
Parallel Valleys: The Naga Hills are interspersed with narrow, parallel valleys that run north-south. These valleys are often fertile and support agricultural activities.
Major Rivers: Nagaland is drained by numerous rivers, including the Doyang, Dikhu, Barak, and tributaries of the Chindwin River. These rivers play a crucial role in shaping the landscape and supporting the state's biodiversity.
Doyang Hydroelectric Project: The Doyang River is also harnessed for hydroelectric power generation, contributing to the state's energy needs.
3. Forests and Biodiversity:
Forest Cover: Approximately one-sixth of Nagaland is covered in forests, ranging from tropical and subtropical evergreen forests to coniferous forests at higher elevations.
Flora: The forests are rich in biodiversity, with a variety of trees, including palms, bamboo, rattan, and valuable timber species like mahogany.
Fauna: Nagaland's forests are home to a diverse range of animals, including elephants, tigers, leopards, bears, monkeys, deer, and various bird species.
4. Climate:
Monsoonal Climate: Nagaland experiences a monsoonal climate with a distinct wet and dry season. The monsoon season, from May to September, brings heavy rainfall, averaging between 70 and 100 inches (1,800 and 2,500 mm).
Varied Temperatures: Temperatures vary depending on elevation, with cooler temperatures in the higher altitudes and warmer temperatures in the lower regions.
5. Impact on Human Activities:
Agriculture: The fertile valleys and moderate climate support agriculture, which is a significant economic activity in Nagaland.
Settlements: The hilly terrain has influenced settlement patterns, with villages often located on hilltops or slopes.
Transportation: The mountainous terrain poses challenges for transportation infrastructure, but efforts are being made to improve connectivity within the state.
Tourism: Nagaland's stunning natural beauty, unique culture, and biodiversity attract tourists from around the world.
6. Environmental Concerns:
Deforestation: Deforestation due to shifting cultivation (jhum) and logging is a concern, leading to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity.
Climate Change: Climate change is expected to impact Nagaland's fragile ecosystem, affecting rainfall patterns and increasing the risk of natural disasters.
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