Utilization for industrial and other purposes, irrigation

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Industrial Uses

The share of industrial sector is limited to 2 per cent of the surface water utilisation and 5 per cent of the ground-water. Rough estimates indicate that the present water use in the industrial sector is of the order of 15 km3 . The water use by thermal and nuclear power plants with installed capacities of 40,000 MW and 1500 MW respectively, is estimated to be about 19 km3 . The industries are needed to be switched over to water efficient technologies.

By 2050, India expects to be a major industrial power in the world. Industry needs water fresh or recycled. Processing industries depend on abundance of water. It is estimated that 64 cubic km of water will be needed by 2050 A.D. to sustain the industries. Thermal power generation needs water including a small part that is consumptive. Taking into account the electric power scenario in 2050 A.D., energy related requirement (evaporation and consumptive use) is estimated at 150 cubic km.

With the advent of globalization and privatization ,industrial activities water demands share of water is changing rapidly. In addition increase in population and rapid urbanisation also put an additional demand on water resources.

Water treatment plants for all industries emanating polluted water is the need of the hour.

Domestic Uses

The share of domestic sector is higher (9 per cent) in surface water utilisation as compared to groundwater.The National Water Policy has assigned the highest priority for drinking water supply needs followed by irrigation, hydro-power, navigation and industrial and other uses.

Million Development Goals target to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. The indicators of progress towards this target are;

1) proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved drinking water source (urban and rural);

2) proportion of population with access to improved sanitation.

It is estimated that by 2050, water requirements per year for domestic use will be 90 km3 for low demand scenario and 111 km3 for high demand scenario. It is expected that about 70% of urban water requirement and 30% of rural water requirement will be met by surface water sources and the remaining from groundwater.

Irrigation is needed because of spatio-temporal variability in rainfall in the country. The large tracts of the country are deficient in rainfall and are drought prone. North-western India and Deccan plateau constitute such areas. Winter and summer seasons are more or less dry in most part of the country. Hence, it is difficult to practise agriculture without assured irrigation during dry seasons.

After independence, the Government of India gave high priority to the construction of major irrigation related infrastructure. At present, India has a capacity to store about 200 billion cubic meters of water, a gross irrigated area of about 90 million hectares 2 and an installed hydro-power capacity of about 30,000 megawatts (World Bank, 2005)

Expansion of Irrigation facilities, along with consolidation of the existing systems, has been the main part of the strategy for increasing production of food grains. With sustained and systematic development of irrigation, the irrigation potential through major, medium and minor irrigation projects has increased from 22.6 million hectares (mha.) in 1951, when the process of planning began in India, to about 98.84 mha. at the end of the year 2004-05.

Civilization and Culture of the Pallavas

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The Pallava rule formed a golden epoch in the cultural history of south India. The period under the Pallavas was marked by considerable literary activities and cultural revival. The Pallavas warmly patronized Sanskrit language and most of the literary records of the time were composed in that language. Due to the cultural renaissance and a great revival of the Sanskrit language a galaxy of scholars flourished during the Pallava era, which accentuated the literary and cultural development in Southern India. Tradition referred that Simhavishnu, the Pallava king invited the great poet Bharvi to adorn his court. Dandin, the master of Sanskrit prose probably lived in the court of Narasimhavarmana II. Under the royal patronage, Kanchi became the seat of Sanskrit language and literature. The core of learning and education, Kanchi became the point of attraction for the literary scholars. Dinanaga, Kalidasa, Bharvi, Varahamihir etc were the distinguished person with enormous talent in the Pallava country. Not only the Sanskrit literature, the Tamil literature also received a huge impetus during the Pallava period. “Maatavailasa Prahasana”, written by Mahendravarmana became very popular. The famous Tamil classic “Tamil Kural was composed during the period under the royal patronage. Madurai became a great center of the Tamil literature and culture. The Tamil grammar “Talakappiam” and Tamil versical compilation “Ettalogai” etc were composed during the period. These were of immense literary importance.

From the 6th century AD, due to the Sanskrit revival, long poetical composition replaced the earlier style of the short poetry. Poetry was written according to the taste of the sophisticated and aristocratic people of the society. The “Silappadigaram” is one of such work suited to the taste of the sophisticated, educated people of the Pallava era. One of the most important literary works of the time was “Ramayanam” by Kaban. This is known as the Tamil form and version of Ramayana, where the character of Ravana was painted with all the noble virtues in comparison to Rama. It is consistent with the Tamil tradition and Tamil ego against the Northern Ramayana by Valmiki. The Buddhist literary work “Manimekhala” and the Jaina poetical work “Shibaga sindamani” etc. also flourished during the period.

The devotional songs composed by Vaishnava Alavaras and the Saiva Nayanaras also shared a significant position in the cultural renaissance of the Pallava period. Appar, Sambandhar, Manikkabsagar, Sundar were some of the devotional Narayana poets who composed Tamil Stotras or hymns. Siva was the object of worship and love. Since the Pallava kings were great musicians themselves they were the great patrons of music. Several celebrated musical treatise were also composed under their patronage. During the time painting also received a great patronage from the Pallava kings. Specimen of the Pallava painting has been found in the Pudukottai State.

Civilization of the Pallava period was greatly influenced by the religious reform movement that swept over India during the eighth century. The wave of the reform movement was originated in the Pallava kingdom first. The Pallavas completed the Aryanisation of Southern India. The Jains who had entered south India earlier had set up educational centers at Madurai and Kanchi. They also made a massive use of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Tamil as the medium of their preaching. But in the competition with the growing popularity of the Brahmanical Hinduism, Jainism lost its prominence in the long run.

Mahendravarmana lost interest in Jainism and became a staunch follower and patron of Saivism. Consequently Jainism began to fade out and continued in diminishing glory in centers like Pudukottai and in the hilly and forest regions.

Buddhism, which had earlier penetrated in the south, fought against invading Brahmanism in the monasteries and public debates. The Buddhist scholars debated finer points of theology with Brahmanical scholars and mostly lost the ground.

The civilization of the Pallava period was marked by the tremendous ascendancy of the Hinduism, which has been branded by the modern historians as the victory of the northern Aryanism. It is said that the influx of the mlechcha Sakas, Huns and the Kushanas in Northern India had polluted the significance of the Vedic rites and religion. In order to protect the purity of Vedic religion many Brahmins migrated to Southern India and preached the Vedic Religion. Henceforth the civilization of Deccan or southern India was mostly influenced by the Brahmanical Hinduism. Pallavas became the patrons of the orthodox Vedic preachers. The performance of the horse sacrifices by the Pallava rulers testified the ascendancy of the Vedic civilization. The success of Hinduism was mostly caused by the royal patronage to this religion. Sanskrit was the vehicle of the Brahmanical thought. Hence both the Brahmanical religion and Sanskrit literature made a great progress during the Pallava period. Several centers for the Brahmanical study sprang up. These study centers were closely connected with the temple premises and were known as Ghetikas. The study of the Brahmanical scriptures and literatures was the order of the day. The Pallava kings in order to promote the Brahmanical civilization made land grants or agraharas to the maintenance of the educational institutions. In the 8th century AD, another significant Hindu institution called Mathas or monasteries were in vogue. They were a combination of temple, rest houses, educational centers, debating and discoursing centers and the feeding Houses. The university of Kanchi became the spearhead of Aryan-Brahmanical influences of the South. Kanchi was regarded as one of the sacred cities of the Hindus. The Pallava king though mainly were the worshippers of Vishnu and Siva, they were tolerant towards other religious creeds. Although the religions like Buddhism and Jainism lost its former significance during the Pallava era, yet the civilization of the Pallava period was marked by the multiethnicity promoted by the Pallava kings.

Interior of earth,

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Most of the knowledge we have about Earth’s deep interior comes from the fact that seismic waves penetrate the Earth and are recorded on the other side.  Earthquake ray paths and arrival times are more complex than illustrated in the animations, because velocity in the Earth does not simply increase with depth. Velocities generally increase downward, according to Snell’s Law, bending rays away from the vertical between layers on their downward journey; velocity generally decreases upward in layers, so that rays bend toward the vertical as they travel out of the Earth . Snell’s Law also dictates that rays bend abruptly inward at the mantle/outercore boundary (sharp velocity decrease in the liquid) and outward at the outer core/inner core boundary (sharp velocity increase).

Major Points to remember about P S and Love waves

  • P wave or primary wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to ‘arrive’ at a seismic station.
  • The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth.
  • P waves are also known as compressional waves.
  • S waveor secondary wave, which is the second wave you feel in an earthquake. An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid medium.
  • Travelling only through the crust, surface wavesare of a lower frequency than body waves, and are easily distinguished on a seismogram as a result.

 

Earth’s Layers – Earth’s Composition

The Crust of Earth

It is the outermost and the thinnest layer of the earth’s surface, about 8 to 40 km thick. The crust varies greatly in thickness and composition – as small as 5 km thick in some places beneath the oceans, while under some mountain ranges it extends up to 70 km in depth.

The crust is made up of two layers­ an upper lighter layer called the Sial (Silicate + Aluminium) and a lower density layer called Sima (Silicate + Magnesium).The average density of this layer is 3 gm/cc.

The Mantle of Earth

This layer extends up to a depth of 2900 km.

Mantle is made up of 2 parts: Upper Mantle or Asthenosphere (up to about 500 km) and Lower Mantle. Asthenosphere is in a semi­molten plastic state, and it is thought that this enables the lithosphere to move about it. Within the asthenosphere, the velocity of seismic waves is considerably reduced (Called ‘Low Velocity

The line of separation between the mantle and the crust is known as Mohoviricic Discontinuity.

 

The Core of Earth

Beyond a depth of 2900 km lies the core of the earth.The outer core is 2100 km thick and is in molten form due to excessive heat out there. Inner core is 1370 km thick and is in plasticform due to the combined factors of excessive heat and pressure. It is made up of iron and nickel (Nife) and is responsible for earth’s magnetism. This layer has the maximum specific gravity.The temperatures in the earth’s core lie between 2200°c and 2750°c. The line of separation between the mantle and the core is called Gutenberg­Wiechert Discontinuity.

 

 

 

 

Monetary Policies

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Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.

Objectives of Monetary Policies are:-

  •  Accelerated growth of the economy
  • Balancing saving and investments
  • Exchange rate stabilization
  • Price stability
  • Employment generation

Monetary Policy could be expansionary or contractionary;  Expansionary policy would increase the total money supply in the economy while contractionary policy would decrease the money supply in the economy.

RBI issues the Bi-Monthly monetary policy statement. The tools available with RBI to achieve the targets of monetary policy are:-

  • Bank rates
  • Reserve Ratios
  • Open Market Operations
  • Intervention in forex market
  • Moral suasion

 

 

Repo Rate- Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (RBI in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. In the event of inflation, central banks increase repo rate as this acts as a disincentive for banks to borrow from the central bank. This ultimately reduces the money supply in the economy and thus helps in arresting inflation.

Reverse Repo Rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from the commercial banks.An increase in the reverse repo rate will decrease the money supply and vice-versa, other things remaining constant. An increase in reverse repo rate means that commercial banks will get more incentives to park their funds with the RBI, thereby decreasing the supply of money in the market.

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is a specified minimum fraction of the total deposits of customers, which commercial banks have to hold as reserves either in cash or as deposits with the central bank. CRR is set according to the guidelines of the central bank of a country.The amount specified as the CRR is held in cash and cash equivalents, is stored in bank vaults or parked with the Reserve Bank of India. The aim here is to ensure that banks do not run out of cash to meet the payment demands of their depositors. CRR is a crucial monetary policy tool and is used for controlling money supply in an economy.

CRR specifications give greater control to the central bank over money supply. Commercial banks have to hold only some specified part of the total deposits as reserves. This is called fractional reserve banking.

Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) is the Indian government term for reserve requirement that the commercial banks in India require to maintain in the form of gold, government approved securities before providing credit to the customers.its the ratio of liquid assets to net demand and time liabilities.Apart from Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), banks have to maintain a stipulated proportion of their net demand and time liabilities in the form of liquid assets like cash, gold and unencumbered securities. Treasury bills, dated securities issued under market borrowing programme and market stabilisation schemes (MSS), etc also form part of the SLR. Banks have to report to the RBI every alternate Friday their SLR maintenance, and pay penalties for failing to maintain SLR as mandated.

Natural Vegetation-Forest types and distribution, wild life, conservation, biosphere reserves

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In India, at present forest areas cover about 76.5 million hectares of land, which is about 23 per cent of the total geographical area. It ranges from about 87 per cent in Andaman & Nicobar Islands to only about 4 percent in Haryana making to range difference of 83 percent. According to our National Forest Policy, 33% of the total geographical area of the country should be under the forest cover to maintain ecological balance. Unfortunately, it is below the norm outlined in our forest policy. The vegetation found in India can be divided into six main types. They are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests, tidal forests and mountain forests.

Tropical Evergreen forests grow in the high rainfall areas of the Western Ghats, North –eastern India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These forests grow in areas where the monsoon period lasts for several months.

Deciduous forests are found in regions with a moderate amount of seasonal rainfall that lasts for only a few months. Most of the forests in which Teak trees grow are of this type. The deciduous trees shed their leaves during the winter and hot summer months.

Dry tropical thorn forest occurs in areas of low rainfall. Forest types are saprophytic in nature. Trees are shorter than deciduous type. These forests mostly occur in the scanty rainfall region of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. Most of the species are ‘acacia’ type.

Tidal Forests grow along the coast especially in the river deltas. These plants are uniquely adapted to be able to grow in a mix of saline and freshwater. They grow luxuriantly in muddy areas covered with silt that the rivers have brought down. The mangrove trees have breathing roots that emerge from the mud banks.

 

Conservation of Biodiversity and Wildlife

Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is the variety of all life forms.Sum total of all the variety of living organisms on earth constitute biodiversity. There are three levels of biodiversity:

  • genetic diversity—the variety of genetic information contained in individual plants, animals and micro-organisms
  • species diversity—the variety of species
  • ecosystem diversity—the variety of habitats, ecological communities and ecological processes.

Biodiversity is not static; it is constantly changing. It can be increased by genetic change and evolutionary processes, and it can be reduced by threats which lead to population decline and extinction.

Biodiversity is not uniformly distributed across the geographical regions of the earth. Certain regions of the world are very rich in biodiversity. We call such areas as “mega diversity zones”. We also refer to them as “hot-spots”. For example, India accounts for only 2.4 % of the land area of the world; but it contributes approximately 8% species to the global diversity due to existence of such pockets.

Humans depend for their sustenance, health, well being and cultural growth on nature. Biotic resources provide food, fruit, seed, fodder, medicines and a host of other goods and services. Importance of Biodiversity is due to:-

  • Food, fibre, medicines, fuel wood and ornamental plants
  • Protection of water resources
  • Soil protection
  • Breeding material for crop improvement
  • Nutrient storage and cycling
  • Pollution reduction
  • Climate stability
  • Maintenance of ecological processes

Causes of Loss of Biodiversity:-

  • Direct ways: Deforestation, hunting, poaching, commercial exploitation
  •  Indirect ways: Loss or modification of the natural habitats, introduction of exotic species, pollution, etc.
  •  Natural causes – Climate change.

International efforts for biodiversity conservation:-

  • Convention on Biological Diversity :-The objectives of the CBD are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from commercial and other utilization of genetic resources. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.
    CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
    The CITES aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Through its three appendices, the Convention accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30,000 plant and animal species.
  • CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals :-The CMS, or the Bonn Convention aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. Parties to the CMS work together to conserve migratory species and their habitats by providing strict protection for the most endangered migratory species, by concluding regional multilateral agreements for the conservation and management of specific species or categories of species, and by undertaking co-operative research and conservation activities.
  • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture :-The objectives of the Treaty are the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security. The Treaty covers all plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, while its Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing covers a specific list of 64 crops and forages. The Treaty also includes provisions on Farmers’ Rights.
  • Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (popularly known as the Ramsar Convention) :-The Ramsar Convention provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The convention covers all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use, recognizing wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for biodiversity conservation in general and for the well-being of human communities.
  • WHC World Heritage Convention (WHC) :-The primary mission of the WHC is to identify and conserve the world’s cultural and natural heritage, by drawing up a list of sites whose outstanding values should be preserved for all humanity and to ensure their protection through a closer co-operation among nations.
  • IPPC International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) :-The IPPC aims to protect world plant resources, including cultivated and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of plant pests and promoting the appropriate measures for their control. The convention provides the mechanisms to develop the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), and to help countries to implement the ISPMs and the other obligations under the IPPC, by facilitating the national capacity development, national reporting and dispute settlement.
    The Secretariat of the IPPC is hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

There are several strategies which are adapted for conservation of Biodiversity. Some of these are:

Legislation Formal policies and programmes for conservation and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity resources dates back to several decades. The concept of environmental protection is enshrined in the Indian constitution in articles 48a and 51a(g). Major central acts relevant to biodiversity include:
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• Fisheries Act, 1897
• Forest Act, 1927
• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
• Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 1991

In-situ Conservation Conserving the animals and plants in their natural habitats is known as in situ conservation. The established natural habitats are:
• National parks and sanctuaries
• Biosphere reserves
• Nature reserves
• Reserved and protected forests
• Preservation plots
• Reserved forests

Ex-situ Conservation like Boatanical and Zoological parks
Recording Indigenous Knowledge
Community Participation in Biodiversity Conservation

06.02.18 Nagaland(NPSC) Current Affairs

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NORTH-EASTERN STATES

  • IOC to invest Rs 3,400 crore in Assam to augment operations

 

  • Indian Oil Corporation will invest Rs3,400 crore in Assam over the next five years to expand its operations by setting up new units as well as upgrading the existing ones.
  • The company will sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Assam Government to this effect at the two-day ‘Advantage Assam – Global Investors Summit 2018’, beginning in Guwahati.
  • They are signing an MoU with the state government that will empower us to invest Rs 3,400 crore in Assam over the next five years.
  • This will be for various projects across the state,” Indian Oil Corporation, Executive Director (IndianOil-AOD), Dipankar Ray.

 

 

 

INTERNATIONAL

 

  • Maldives declares state of emergency

 

  • Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen has declared a 15-day state of Emergency, his aide Azima Shukoor announced on state television.

 

  • The move gives sweeping powers to security forces to arrest and detain suspects as Yameen refuses to comply with a Supreme Court order to release political prisoners.

 

  • The latest crisis was triggered when the Maldivian Supreme Court ordered the release of some opposition leaders, including former president Mohammed Nasheed, after overturning their “terrorism” convictions.

 

 

  • Dubai named the world’s busiest International Airport

 

  • Dubai International Airport says it has held on to its No 1 ranking as the world’s busiest airport for ‘international travel’, after seeing some 88.2 million passengers in 2017.

 

  • Dubai International Airport first surpassed London Heathrow as the world’s busiest airport for international traffic in 2014.

 

  • It has maintained the title ever since, with some 90 airlines flying into skyscraper-studded Dubai.

 

  • The airport is home to the long-haul carrier Emirates.

 

  • Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Georgia remains the world’s busiest airport overall.

 

 

·        Japan Launches Smallest Rocket Ever To Carry Tiny Satellite into Orbit

 

  • The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)launched the world’s smallest rocket with the ability to put a tiny satellite into orbit.
  • The rocket lifted off from the Uchinoura Space Center.
  • It carried a microsatellite TRICOM-1R, a three-unit CubeSat weighing about 3 kilograms.
  • This satellite launch was a re-flight of the TRICOM-1 mission, which was lost in SS-520’s failure in 2017.
  • The launch was aimed at testing the ability of JAXA to launch low-cost rockets that can put microsatellites into space at affordable rates.

 

NATIONAL

 

·        India contributes $1 million to UN Development Partnership Fund

 

  • India contributed additional $1 million to India-UN Development Partnership Fund, earmarked for South-South cooperation.
  • The contribution aims to intensify its partnerships with other developing countries in the south.
  • India has pledged a multi-year contribution of $100 million to the fund establishment in June 2017.
  • The fund was set up on 9 June 2017 on occasion of the World Oceans Day as a partnership between India and United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation.

·        International company Singtel to invest 2649 crores in Bharati Telecom

 

  • Singapore Telecommunications (Singtel) spend up to 2643 crores on shares in India’s Bharti Telecom, lifting its stake slightly in the holding company for Bharti Airtel to just under half.
  • India’s telecommunications sector has been hit hard by a price war since the entry of carrier Reliance Jio, the telecoms arm of Reliance Industries Ltd, more than a year ago.
  • The purchase worth as much as 26.5 billion rupees could increase Singtel’s stake in Bharti Telecom by up to 1.7 percentage points to 48.9 percent and its holding in Bharti Airtel, the country’s biggest mobile carrier, by up to 0.9 percentage points to 39.5 percent.
  • The deal will be done via a preferential share allotment.

 

 

  • Maharashtra govt approves new wildlife sanctuary at Ghodazari

 

  • The Maharashtra government has approved Ghodazari in Chandrapur district as a new wildlife sanctuary in the state.

 

  • The decision was taken at the 13th meeting of the Maharashtra State Board for Wildlife, chaired by Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis.

 

  • The sanctuary, in the North East of Tadoba, will include 159 sq km of Brahmapuri forest.

 

·        India Successfully Test-Fires Nuclear-Capable Agni-I Missile

 

  • India successfully test-fired the indigenously developed short-range nuclear capable Agni-I ballistic missile.
  • The missile was fired from the Abdul Kalam Island off Odisha coast.
  • The test was conducted by the Strategic Force Command of the Indian Army.
  • The range of Missile is 700 km.
  • It was 18th version of Agni-I.

 

 

·        Prime Minister Narendra Modi to go on 4-day visit to Palestine, UAE, Oman on February 9

 

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modiwill have a packed schedule during his four days visit to Palestine, UAE, and Oman from ninth of this month.
  • This will be the first-ever visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Palestine, and Prime Minister Modi’s second visit to UAE and first to Oman.
  • During the visit, the Prime Minister will hold discussions on matters of mutual interest with their leaders, apart from participating in many community events.
  • In Dubai, Prime Minister would be addressing the Sixth World Government Summit being at which India has been extended ‘Guest of Honour’ status. Joint Secretary (Gulf).

 

  • IWAI Signs Project Agreement With World Bank For Jal Marg Vikas Project.

 

 

  • Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)signed a project agreement with the World Bank for Jal Marg Vikas Project on river Ganga.
  • The World Bank entered into a USD 375 million loan agreement with the Department of Economic Affairs, Union Ministry of Finance for Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP).
  • Jal Marg Vikas Project, which is expected to be completed by March 2023, is being implemented with the financial and technical support of the World Bank.

 

Nagaland Human Development Index

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Nagaland Human Development Index

The first Human Development Report for the State of Nagaland was brought get in the year 2004. It provided a perceptive glimpse into the administrative and developmental attribute of the State in addition as a exposure of the human development indices for the districts and also the State as a full. A decade later, a requirement was felt to bring out this standing of social and economic development within the State in terms of the human development indices leading to the second Human Development Report for Nagaland.

The HDI may be an outline measure of the income, education and health achievements of the State. HDI (2011) of Nagaland was 0.63 as compared to 0.61 (2014) for the country as a full. The general performance, however, hides the very fact that there have been massive inter-district disparities in performance. at intervals Nagaland, the HDI was highest in Dimapur with zero.81, followed by Kohima and Wokha each with zero.66 and Mokokchung at 0.61. On the opposite hand, Mon district had all-time low HDI with 0.50. This bury district inequality appears to own modified very little since 2001 with districts like Tuensang and Mon still at the lowest in 2011 along side districts like Zunheboto and also the new district of Longleng. These eastern districts also are the worst playing in terms of indicators like unfold of rural roads, employee participation, instructional attainments, urbanisation etc.Nagaland Human Development Index

The HDI combines convenience of basic amenities like toilets and pucca homes, immunisation at birth, poverty levels with education facilities and illiteracy levels. The HDI for the State is at concerning 29 % that additionally shows a transparent improvement over the figure of forty % in 2001. Once again, the districts of Dimapur, Mokokchung and Kohima area unit clear leaders. additional crucial, the eastern districts of Tuensang and Mon continue at the lowest in terms of changes within the HPI index between 2001 and 2011.

Human Development Index (HDI) has 3 important dimensions —longevity, measured by life expectancy at birth; instructional attainment, measured by adult attainment rate and gross ingress ratio; and normal of living or command over resources, measured by per capita GDP. A healthy life, free from unhealthiest, is important within the notion of well being. Education is very important for realising one’s highest potentials and enlarging the accessible set of opportunities and decisions. Adequate financial gain, for a good normal of living, is important for all dimensions of human development, as well as health and education. Financial gain may be a part of HDI as a proxy/surrogate for all dimensions of human development not mirrored in an exceedingly long and healthy life and in information.

The HDI (2001) of Nagaland was 0.62, as compared to 0.472 (2001) for India. The State’s sensible performance and ranking are often best understood by staring at the constituents of the indices and also the factors that influence them, as well as attainment, health standing and income levels. The per capita financial gain of Nagaland throughout 2000–2001 is nearly up to the national average. The 2001 State attainment rate is 67 % as against the national average of 65.2 percent. The social framework of Nagaland has placed education as a valued quality since its introduction nearly 130 years alongside the entry of Christianity. The distinctive framework of care and provision of Naga society finds expression within the higher performance of the State, as against the national average, in terms of longevity/mortality standing.

Within Nagaland, the HDI was highest in Dimapur (0.73), followed by Mokokchung (0.71). Mon district had all-time low HDI (0.45). However, only 1 district, Mon, had HDI but 0.47, the national HDI. The ranking of districts is directly associated with the position of the districts with DDP, and with the academic attainments. this means a positive relationship between the income levels, the academic attainments and human development within the State. Tuensang and Mon are consistent underachievers altogether the symptoms of the HDI, except within the case of infant mortality rate (IMR) in Mon , reinforcing the necessity for special focus and policy intervention in these remote districts.

The first Nagaland State Human Development Report (NSHDR) was brought get in 2004, and afterwards the government signed a multilateral agreement with the govt. of India and also the global organization Development Programme (UNDP) to undertake the project to strengthen state plans for human development, that the DHDR may be a section. The DHDR project is being handled by the state department of coming up with and Coordination.

Nagaland has created a distinction within the country by turning into the primary state to bring out the sub-national HDR, the 2004 NSHDR and consequently the sub-sub-national HDRs for the districts of Mon, Kohima and Phek in 2011, additionally another 1st within the country. He expressed enthusiasm that if all went well, Nagaland is about to become the primary state to bring out the HDR of all its districts once the reports for Peren and Zunheboto, that area unit probably to be out at intervals a month’s time, area unit released. He expressed that the previous reports were well received by the UNDP and also the planning commission.

In forty years of statehood, Nagaland has created important progress. The executive reach has extended to the way corners of the State that is a way of addressing the matter of ‘remoteness’. Necessary infrastructure has been arranged and property at intervals the State has improved. Nagaland has conjointly created tremendous progress altogether major sectors of human development. Its attainment rate has reached 67.11 % from a mere 20.40 % in 1961. Its sex quantitative relation, CBR, CDR, IMR and MMR rates area unit higher than the national average. Life is seventy three.4 years. The per capita income has conjointly climbed higher than the national average as per 2001. However, the foremost challenges that confronted the State within the starting still stay. Attributable to this, in most cases, the figures and statistics, although spectacular, don’t reveal the whole image. For example, whereas the attainment rate is encouraging, the standard of education has suffered and therefore the state rates, particularly of educated youth, area unit a true cause for concern. Issues associated with infrastructure stay. There’s conjointly the question of mobilisation of internal resources, particularly through exploitation of the State’s natural resources. Strategic coming up with and intelligent investments are as necessary as finding sources of funding.

The State is at an important stage in its trajectory of growth. The wealthy social capital of Kamarupan communities, the final resilience of the society, the numerous and wealthy environmental capital and therefore the mineral wealth area unit the inherent strengths to create upon for a quicker and property progress. Through numerous innovative policy interventions, the regime is creating efforts to faucet into this wealthy social capital and to bring the folks back to the centre of decision-making. One among them is that the Nagaland Communitisation of Public establishments and Services Act, 2002, wherever management of state assets is being turned over to the village communities. The folks have responded favourably though the initiative continues to be in its infancy. As Nagaland appearance forward, the subsequent areas need to be addressed:

  • Conditions to beat the immediate impacts of violence.
  • Development initiatives to enhance infrastructure, living and dealing conditions.
  • Special attention for the youth of Nagaland within the fields of technical education, recreation and paid employment.
  • New ways for a ‘Developed Nagaland’.
  • A purposeful model of interaction between the people, administrators and political leadership should accomplish this vision of a ‘Developed Nagaland’.

Human development and economic process area unit interlinked. By focusing on economic process, Nagaland will expect to reap edges through increased levels of financial gain, employment generation and reduction in economic disparities at intervals the various regions of the State and therefore the people. The requirement to create on the out there resources and opportunities has been emphatic throughout this chapter. Harnessing of the resources and potentials—mineral, forest, agriculture, land, trade —and the opportunities in trade, the new sectors of IT or biotechnology need not solely investments however conjointly policy interventions to encourage such investments. Government’s role in creating the investments can not be unpretentious however the restricted handiness of economic resources with the govt necessitates that personal investment, each from at intervals and out of doors the State, area unit inspired. The caution to be exercised whereas embarking on the trail of economic development is to confirm that the resources available are used with efficiency and in a very property and planned manner for equitable economic process at intervals an affordable timeframe.

 

Nagaland’s Human Development Indices In line with the country’s National Human Development Report, 2001 the subsequent 3 indices are made for Nagaland:

  • Human Development Index (HDI)
  • Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
  • Human poorness Index (HPI) one among the foremost issues within the estimation of those indices was the non-availability of information on district domestic product (DDP).

Therefore, a sample survey was conducted to assemble the required data at the district level.

The HDI (2001) of Nagaland was 0.62, as compared to 0.472 (2001) for India. The State’s sensible performance and ranking are often best understood by staring at the constituents of the indices and therefore the factors that influence them, as well as attainment, health standing and financial gain levels. The per capita financial gain of Nagaland throughout 2000–2001 is sort of capable the national average. The 2001 State attainment rate is 67 % as against the national average of 65.2 percent. The social framework of Nagaland has placed education as a valued plus since its introduction nearly 130 years along side the launching of Christianity.

GDI for the State is 0.42 as against an HDI of 0.62. Adjusted for gender difference, Kohima’s performance is healthier than all different districts in human development indicators, followed by Dimapur, Mokokchung and Phek districts. The primary 3 districts even have higher HDI than the opposite districts of the State. Zunheboto, Tuensang and Mon kind the lower finish of the spectrum. These districts have had lower financial gain levels, attainment rates and entrance than the remainder of the State. The health infrastructure in these districts is additionally inadequate, impacting the health standing and longevity of the people.

The HPI for the State is 35.58 percent. The index has return down from 42.07 % in 1991 and 49.37 % in 1981, as calculable for the State within the National Human Development Report, 2001. The worth of HPI is lowest in Mokokchung, indicating lowest level of deprivation standing among all the districts, followed by Zunheboto, Wokha. The bigger, a lot of cosmopolitan, regions of Dimapur and Kohima area unit hierarchical fourth and fifth severally, indicating that a lot of poor persons reside in these ‘better’ districts of the State. This is often indicative of the pull and push factors of urbanisation, inability of the urban infrastructure to supply the essential wants and demand of specific poor-oriented ways in these districts.

Minerals and Energy Resources : Distribution and utility of [a] metallic minerals (ion ore, copper, bauxite, manganese)

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Mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, and hardness

Minerals are valuable natural resources that are finite and non-renewable. The history of mineral extraction in India dates back to the days of the Harappan civilization. The wide availability of minerals in the form of abundant rich reserves and the ecogeological conditions make it very conducive for the growth and development of the mining sector in India.  India  is particularly rich in the metallic minerals of the ferrous group such as iron ores, manganese, chromite and titanium. It has the world’s largest reserves in mica and bauxite.

Minerals are a valuable natural resource being the vital raw material for infrastructure, capital goods and basic industries. As a major resource for development the extraction and management of minerals has to be integrated into the overall strategy of the country’s economic development. The exploitation of minerals has to be guided by longterm national goals and perspectives. Just as these goals and perspectives are dynamic and responsive to the changing global economic scenario so also the national mineral policy has to be dynamic taking into consideration the changing needs of industry in the context of the domestic and global economic environment.

Minerals are broadly divided into two groups metallic and non metallic minerals. Metallic minerals are further subdivided into ferrous and non ferrous minerals.

Metallic minerals are minerals which contain one or more metallic elements.Metallic minerals occur in rare, naturally formed concentrations known as mineral deposits. These deposits can consist of a variety of metallic minerals containing valuable metals such as nickel (pentlandite), copper (chalcopyrite), zinc (sphalerite), lead (galena) and gold (occurs as a native element or as a minor constituent within other minerals) that are used in all aspects of our daily lives.Metallic minerals must be broken apart and chemically processed to extract the useful metal from the mineral.

Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourth of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They constitute the most important mineral group after fuel minerals. They include iron, manganese, chromite, pyrite etc. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries, particularly iron, steel and alloys.

Iron ore

 

The two main types of ore found in our country are haematite and magnetite. It has great demand in international market due to its superior quality. The iron ore mines occur in close proximity to the coal fields in the north-eastern plateau region of the country which adds to their advantage. Major iron ore deposits in India, distributed in five zones designated as Zone – I to Zone-V, have been identified in the country on commercial ground.

Most of iron ore found in the country is of three types:- Haematite, magnetite and limonite.
Haematite ore contains up to 68 percent of iron. It is red in color and is often refered to as ‘red ore*. Next to haematite in quanitity and richness is the magnetite ore. It contains up to 60 percent of the iron. It is dark brown to blackish in colour, and is often referred as ‘black ores’, Limonite is the third type of ore which has iron content of 35-50 percent.

  • Zone-I group of iron ore deposits occur on the Bonai Iron Ore Ranges of Jharkhand and Orissa States and in the adjoining areas in Eastern India,
  • Zone-II group comprises iron ore in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Orissa , Manipur Tamil Nadu , Geology and Mineral Resources of India ore deposits in the 225-km.-long north-south-trending linear belt in central India comprising the States of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra (East).
  • Zone – III deposits occur in Bellary-Hospet regions of Karnataka while the
  • Zone – IV deposits cover the rich magnetitic deposits of Bababudan-Kudremukh area of the same State in south India.
  • Zone – V deposits cover iron ore deposits of Goa. In addition, in south India, magnetite-rich banded magnetite quartzites occur in parts of Andhra Pradesh near the East Coast while in Tamil Nadu good deposits of magnetite occur in Salem district and in neighbouring areas.

Copper

 

Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper and thus is  mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.

The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.Largest resources of copper ore to a tune of 809 million tonnes (53.54%) are in the state of Rajasthan followed by Madhya Pradesh with 287.67 million tonnes (19%) and Jharkhand with 295.96 million tonnes (19.59%). Copper resources in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal accounted for remaining 7.87% of the total all India resources.

 

Bauxite

 

Bauxite is a non-ferrous metallic mineral. It is the ore from which aluminium metal is produced. Aluminium extracted from the ore is used in making aeroplanes, electrical appliances and goods, household fittings, utensils etc. Bauxite is also used for manufacturing of white colour cement and certain chemicals. India’s reserves of bauxite of all grades have been estimated at 3037 million tonnes.

The deposits in AP and Orissa (Eastern Ghats) with a total reserve of about 1650 Mt constitute one of the largest bauxite deposits in the world. Orissa continues to be the leading state accounting for 59% of the total production of the country. is also rich in deposits. It occurs in the high hilltops of the Chhotanagpur plateau as residual deposits. Bauxite occurs as segregated sheets, pockets, patches and lenses within laterite cappings over the traps and gneisses. Extensive deposits of bauxite are found in the western Chhotanagpur plateau area falling in and districts and adjoining district.

Manganese

 

Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for manufacturing ferro alloys. Karnataka has the largest recoverable reserves (64.55 million tones) of manganese ore in the country. Managanese ore minerals occur in close association with haematite and carbonates as stratiform, lenticular, patchy or pockety deposits of varying dimensions, within various greenstone belts. Andhra Pradesh contributes about 90% of the manganese ore production in the country. The manganese ore here is mainly associated with kodurites of the Khondalite Group in Eastern Ghats and Penganga beds in the Pakhal Basin. Orissa accounts for one third of the country’s annual production of manganese and possesses the second largest recoverable manganese reserve in the country i.e. 50.36 million tonnes of all grades, next to that of Karnataka. Manganese ores are mined in Singhbhum district in between Noamundi and Gua and from south of Chaibasa.

Components of Money Supply

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    Components of Money Supply  
M1 Consists of currency with the public (ie notes & coins in circulation minus cash with the banks)
  plus demand deposits with the bank (deposits which can be withdrawn without notice) plus
  other deposits with RBI (usually negligible). Also called narrow money
M2 M1 + saving deposits + Certificate of Deposits (CDs) + term deposits maturing within a year.
M3 M2 + term deposits with maturity more than a year + term borrowing of banking system. Also
  known as broad money.
L1 M3 + all Deposits with the Post Office Savings Banks (excluding National Savings Certificates)
L2 L1 + Term Deposits with Term Lending Institutions and Refinancing Institutions (FIs) + Term
  Borrowing by FIs+ Certificates of Deposit issued by FIs; and
L3 L2 + Public Deposits of Non-Banking Financial Companies

 

SQUARE ROOT & CUBE ROOTS

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Square Root & Cube Root

 

Step 1: First of all group the number in pairs of 2 starting from the right.

 

Step 2: To get the ten’s place digit, Find the nearest square (equivalent or greater than or less than) to the first grouped pair from left and put the square root of the square.

 

Step 3: To get the unit’s place digit of the square root

 

Remember the following

If number ends in Unit’s place digit of the square root
1 1 or 9(10-1)
4 2 or 8(10-2)
9 3 or 7(10-3)
6 4or 6(10-4)
5 5
0 0

 

Lets see the logic behind this for a better understanding

We know,

12=1

22=4

32=9

42=16

52=25

62=36

72=49

82=64

92=81

102=100

 

Now, observe the unit’s place digit of all the squares.

Do you find anything common?

 

We notice that,

Unit’s place digit of both 12 and 92 is 1.

Unit’s place digit of both 22 and 82 is 4

Unit’s place digit of both 32 and 72 is 9

Unit’s place digit of both 42 and 62 is 6.


Step 4: Multiply the ten’s place digit (found in step 1) with its consecutive number and compare the result obtained with the first pair of the original number from left.

 

Remember,

If first pair of the original number > Result obtained on multiplication then  select the greater number  out of the two numbers as the unit’s place digit of the square root.

 

If firstpair of the original number < the result obtained on multiplication,then select the lesser number out of the two numbers as the unit’s place digit of the square root.

 

 

Let us consider an example to get a better understanding of the method

 

 

Example 1: √784=?

Step 1: We start by grouping the numbers in pairs of two from right as follows

7 84

 

Step 2: To get the ten’s place digit,

We find that nearest square to first group (7) is 4 and √4=2

Therefore ten’s place digit=2

 

Step 3: To get the unit’s place digit,

We notice that the number ends with 4, So the unit’s place digit of the square root should be either 2 or 8(Refer table).

 

Step 4: Multiplying the ten’s place digit of the square root that we arrived at in step 1(2) and its consecutive number(3) we get,

2×3=6
ten’s place digit of original number > Multiplication result
7>6
So we need to select the greater number (8) as the unit’s place digit of the square root.
Unit’s place digit =8

Ans:√784=28

 

 

 

Cube roots of perfect cubes

It may take two-three minutes to find out cube root of a perfect cube by using conventional method. However we can find out cube roots of perfect cubes very fast, say in one-two seconds using Vedic Mathematics.

We need to remember some interesting properties of numbers to do these quick mental calculations which are given below.

 

Points to remember  for speedy  calculation of cube roots

  1. To calculate cube root of any perfect cube quickly, we need to remember the cubes of 1 to 10 which is given below.
13 = 1
23 = 8
33 = 27
43 = 64
53 = 125
63 = 216
73 = 343
83 = 512
93 = 729
103 = 1000
  1. From the above cubes of 1 to 10, we need to remember an interesting property.
13 = 1 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 1, last digit of the cube root = 1
23 = 8 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 8, last digit of the cube root = 2
33 = 27 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 7, last digit of the cube root = 3
43 = 64 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 4, last digit of the cube root = 4
53 = 125 => If last digit of the perfect cube =5, last digit of the cube root = 5
63 = 216 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 6, last digit of the cube root = 6
73 = 343 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 3, last digit of the cube root = 7
83 = 512 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 2, last digit of the cube root = 8
93 = 729 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 9, last digit of the cube root = 9
103 = 1000 => If last digit of the perfect cube = 0, last digit of the cube root = 0

 

It’s very easy to remember the relations given above because

1 -> 1 (Same numbers)
8 -> 2 (10’s complement of 8 is 2 and 8+2 = 10)
7 -> 3 (10’s complement of 7 is 3 and 7+3 = 10)
4 -> 4 (Same numbers)
5 -> 5 (Same numbers)
6 -> 6 (Same numbers)
3 -> 7 (10’s complement of 3 is 7 and 3+7 = 10)
2 -> 8 (10’s complement of 2 is 8 and 2+8 = 10)
9 -> 9 (Same numbers)
0 -> 0 (Same numbers)

 

Also see
8 ->  2 and 2 ->  8
7 -> 3 and 3-> 7

 

 

 

 

 

Questions

Level-I

1. The cube root of .000216 is:
A. .6
B. .06
C. 77
D. 87

 

 

2.
What should come in place of both x in the equation x = 162 .
128 x
A. 12
B. 14
C. 144
D. 196

 

3. The least perfect square, which is divisible by each of 21, 36 and 66 is:
A. 213444
B. 214344
C. 214434
D. 231444

 

4. 1.5625 = ?
A. 1.05
B. 1.25
C. 1.45
D. 1.55

 

5. If 35 + 125 = 17.88, then what will be the value of 80 + 65 ?
A. 13.41
B. 20.46
C. 21.66
D. 22.35
 

 

6.

  

 

If a = 0.1039, then the value of 4a2 – 4a + 1 + 3a is:
A. 0.1039
B. 0.2078
C. 1.1039
D. 2.1039

 

7.
If x = 3 + 1 and y = 3 – 1 , then the value of (x2 + y2) is:
3 – 1 3 + 1
A. 10
B. 13
C. 14
D. 15

 

8. A group of students decided to collect as many paise from each member of group as is the number of members. If the total collection amounts to Rs. 59.29, the number of the member is the group is:
A. 57
B. 67
C. 77
D. 87

 

9. The square root of (7 + 35) (7 – 35) is
A. 5
B. 2
C. 4
D. 35

 

 

 

 

10.
If 5 = 2.236, then the value of 5 – 10 + 125 is equal to:
2 5
A. 5.59
B. 7.826
C. 8.944
D. 10.062

 

 

 

Level-II

 
11.
625 x 14 x 11 is equal to:
11 25 196
A. 5
B. 6
C. 8
D. 11

 

12. 0.0169 x ? = 1.3
A. 10
B. 100
C. 1000
D. None of these

 

13.
3 – 1 2 simplifies to:
3
A.
3
4
B.
4
3
C.
4
3
D. None of these

 

14. How many two-digit numbers satisfy this property.: The last digit (unit’s digit) of the square of the two-digit number is 8 ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. None of these

 

15. The square root of 64009 is:
A. 253
B. 347
C. 363
D. 803

 

 

16. √29929 = ?
A. 173
B. 163
C. 196
D. 186

 

 

 

 

 

 

17. √106.09 = ?
A. 10.6
B. 10.5
C. 10.3
D. 10.2
 
 

 

 

18.  ?/√196 = 5
A. 76
B. 72
C. 70
D. 75
 
 

 

Answers

Level-I

 

Answer:1 Option B

 

Explanation:

(.000216)1/3 = 216 1/3
106

 

   = 6 x 6 x 6 1/3
102 x 102 x 102

 

   = 6
102

 

   = 6
100

= 0.06

 

Answer:2 Option A

 

Explanation:

Let x = 162
128 x

Then x2 = 128 x 162

= 64 x 2 x 18 x 9

= 82 x 62 x 32

= 8 x 6 x 3

= 144.

x = 144 = 12.

 

Answer:3 Option A

 

Explanation:

L.C.M. of 21, 36, 66 = 2772.

Now, 2772 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 7 x 11

To make it a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 7 x 11.

So, required number = 22 x 32 x 72 x 112 = 213444

 

Answer:4 Option B

 

Explanation:

1|1.5625( 1.25

|1

|——-

22| 56

| 44

|——-

245| 1225

| 1225

|——-

|    X

|——-

1.5625 = 1.25.

 

 

Answer:5 Option D

 

Explanation:

35 + 125 = 17.88

35 + 25 x 5 = 17.88

35 + 55 = 17.88

85 = 17.88

5 = 2.235

80 + 65 = 16 x 5 + 65

= 45 + 65

= 105 = (10 x 2.235) = 22.35

 

 

 

Answer:6 Option C

 

Explanation:

4a2 – 4a + 1 + 3a = (1)2 + (2a)2 – 2 x 1 x 2a + 3a

= (1 – 2a)2 + 3a

= (1 – 2a) + 3a

= (1 + a)

= (1 + 0.1039)

= 1.1039

 

Answer:7 Option C

 

Explanation:

x = (3 + 1) x (3 + 1) = (3 + 1)2 = 3 + 1 + 23 = 2 + 3.
(3 – 1) (3 + 1) (3 – 1) 2

 

y = (3 – 1) x (3 – 1) = (3 – 1)2 = 3 + 1 – 23 = 2 – 3.
(3 + 1) (3 – 1) (3 – 1) 2

x2 + y2 = (2 + 3)2 + (2 – 3)2

= 2(4 + 3)

= 14

 

Answer:8 Option C

 

Explanation:

Money collected = (59.29 x 100) paise = 5929 paise.

Number of members = 5929 = 77

 

 

Answer:9 Option B

 

Explanation:

(7 + 35)(7 – 35) = (7)2 – (35)2  = 49 – 45  = 4  = 2

 

 

Answer:10 Option B

 

Explanation:

5 – 10 + 125 = (5)2 – 20 + 25 x 55
2 5 25

 

= 5 – 20 + 50
25

 

= 35 x 5
25 5

 

= 355
10

 

= 7 x 2.236
2

 

= 7 x 1.118

 

= 7.826

 

 

Level-II

Answer:11 Option A

 

Explanation:

Given Expression = 25 x 14 x 11 = 5.
11 5 14

 

 

 

Answer:12 Option B

 

Explanation:

Let 0.0169 x x = 1.3.

Then, 0.0169x = (1.3)2 = 1.69

 x = 1.69 = 100
0.0169

 

 

 

Answer:13 Option C

 

Explanation:

3 – 1 2 = (3)2 + 1 2 – 2 x 3 x 1
3 3 3

 

= 3 + 1 – 2
3

 

= 1 + 1
3

 

= 4
3

 

 

 

Answer:14 Option D

 

Explanation:

A number ending in 8 can never be a perfect square.

 

 

Answer:15 Option A

 

Explanation:

2 |64009( 253      |4      |———-45  |240      |225      |———-503| 1509      |  1509      |———-      |     X      |———-

64009 = 253.

 

 

Answer:16 Option A

 

Explanation:
√29929 = So, √29929 = 173

 

 

Answer:17 Option C

 

Answer:18 Option C