Horticulture in Nagaland

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Horticulture in Nagaland

The total area covered by horticultural crops in the state has been estimated at 42897 ha (2008-09). The fruits grown in the state range from tropical and sub-tropical fruits like banana, papaya, pineapple and citrus to temperate fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum, strawberry and even certain nut fruits. The state has rich diversity of different vegetable crops and both indigenous tropical vegetables and temperate vegetables are grown to a considerable extent. The major vegetables grown in the region are cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, knol-khol, radish, carrot, French bean and different cucurbitaceous crops. Among the flowering plants anthurium, roses, lillium, alstromeria, heliconia, and zantedeschia are introduced in the state. Tuber and rhizomatous crops like sweet potato, colocasia, ginger and turmeric grow abundantly in the state, while plantation crops like cashew nut, black pepper have been introduced recently in the state. Apart from these, underutilized crops like passion fruit, kiwi fruit, chow-chow and others are grown in some areas.

Land Holding and Land Use Pattern

The horticultural practices in state is still primitive and yet to see modernization and mechanization. 38% of the total area cultivated in the State falls under jhum and only 4% falls under permanent and irrigation fields. With the total area of about 16, 57,900 hectares of land, about 80% falls under hilly terrain and only 20% comes under gentle slope and plain area and only 2.59 % of the total area is under horticulture. Due to repeated jhuming of short duration cycle in the hills, the soil is subjected to heavy soil erosion as a result of which the fields are reduced and soil become very poor. Therefore, in order to bring this jhum land into Horticulture Development, it is proposed to bring more area under Area Expansion for Horticultural crops in order to convert the hilly areas into a settled permanent cultivation like fruits, vegetables, flowers, medicinal & aromatic plants.

Decadal growth of horticulture in Nagaland 

The total area under horticultural crops (fruits & vegetables) in the state is around 42.9 thousand hectare, which is around 2.59 % of the total geographical area of the state and it gives a total production of 327.13 thousand tones with a productivity of 7.63 t/ ha. The area under fruits has been increased from 13.6 thousand hectares in 1996-97 to 19.27 thousand hectares during 2008-09 with a production of 168.9 and 191.32 thousand tones respectively. However, the area under vegetables has decreased during the same period. Under Horticulture Technology Mission cultivation of citrus, pineapple, passion fruit and banana through area expansion has been promoted by the Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Nagaland during 2004-10. Besides, mango, litchi, kiwi is focused during 2009- 10. Under integrated development of horticultural crops, The Horticulture Department, Govt. of Nagaland has covered 137 ha of large cardamom, 57 ha of passion fruit, 144 ha of citrus, 57 ha of betel vine, 56 ha of pineapple, 28 ha of cashew, 28 ha of ginger, and 49 ha of kiwifruit. The floriculture is gaining popularity in the state. However, this sector is basically based in urban areas of the state. During 2009-10, anthurium, roses, lillium alstromeria, heliconia, gerbera, and zantedeschia were grown in Hi-tech green houses in 4 districts of the state.

State horticulture nursery

The State Horticulture Nursery initiated series of developmental activities mainly focused on maintenance of accredited nurseries. The Year wise calendars of farm operations were actively executed as per the requirement of the crop under different progeny mother blocks. Besides farm developments and operations, the SHN have conducted several trainings and Farm visits for students and visitors from within and outside the state. Recently, under MIDH (CSS), the first ever Hi-Tech Nursery in the state also known as Semi-Automated Vegetable Seedling Production Unit was successfully installed and inaugurated by Shri. Jalaj Shrivastava (IAS), Additional Secretary, DAC & FW, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Govt. of India. The Hi-Tech production unit has the capacity to produce 70,000 quality seedlings per unit batch which will serve as a boon to the farming community of the district.

Coconut Development Board

Coconut Development Board is a statutory body established by the Government of India for the integrated development of coconut production and utilization in the country with focus on productivity increase and product diversification. The Board functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. The aim of the Coconut Development Board (CDB) is to assist the coconut farmers in coconut production, processing, marketing and export of value-added coconut products.

The foot-hill belts of Nagaland, specially bordering Assam having sub-tropical type of climates with adequate rainfall is ideal for coconut plantation. The survey conducted by the Coconut Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India had found about 15000 Ha. of land extending from Jalukie Area in Peren district to Tizit Valley area in Mon district suitable for Coconut plantation consisting of seven districts of the state.

Adoptive trials of Coconut plantation in these areas had proved successful. The farmers had also realized the beneficial of coconut plantation which has got high market demand and high cost returns and thus the demands for coconut seedlings are increasing year after year in the state. Under Horticulture Development programme, the Department is keeping a provision for procurement of Coconut seedling, inputs for development of the following district of Dimapur, Peren, Wokha, Mokokchung, Mon, Kohima and Longleng in the foothill area adjacent to Assam. During 2017-18, CDB had sanctioned an amount of Rs. 53.575 lakhs for coconut plantation and development related schemes in seven (7) districts of Nagaland.

Dragon Fruit cultivation

Dragon Fruit is famous in Thailand, Vietnam, Israel and Sri Lanka. In India, commercial cultivation of this fruit is picking up and in Nagaland some farmers and fruit lovers have initiated its cultivation.  The Dream Dragon Fruit Farm at Shitovi village in Dimapur district is the first farm where exotic Dragon Fruit is produced and sold by demand only. Ms. Lucy Ngullie Thomas has been growing Red, White and Yellow Dragon Fruits since 2013 besides other exotic fruits. The 5 hectares Dream Dragon Fruit Farm is well maintained and adopts all technical cultural practices. This is the only dragon fruit farm in the state which has healthy and well maintained Mother Plants of Red and White varieties producing cuttings for sales and propagation. The Dream Dragon Fruit Farm is an Accredited Nursery with 1 Star rating by the accrediting authority under Central Institute of Horticulture (CIH) and the owner is now capable to produce and sell dragon fruit cuttings to interested farmers throughout the country.

Transport network of Nagaland

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Transport network of Nagaland

Road Network in Nagaland

The primary mode of communication in Nagaland is road. Airways and railways are still undergoing its stages of development in Nagaland. The road network of Nagaland sums up to 9860 kms in total and thanks to this road network, a total of 900 villages are connected through it. Nagaland is highly dependent on the road network for all of its transport purposes include import and export of goods. National Highway 39 connects Kohima, Imphal and the Myanmar border at Moreh that runs through Dimapur. Kohima, the state capital, could be reached from Dimapur on NH 39.

National Highways

Tipaimukh Road ( Highway 150)

A state highway of Manipur, the Tipaimukh Road was declared a highway in 1999. The highway from Manipur connects to its bordering states as well which are Mizoram and Nagaland with 141 kms and 36 kms each respectively. The total length of the highway is 700 kms and it initiates at6 Seling (NH54) then passes through the route Tipaimukh-Imphal-Ukhrul-Jessami in Manipur and then finally it ends at Kohima in Nagaland.

National Highway 155

This is a highway which runs entirely through the state itself. The distance the road runs for is 342 kms and it connects Mokukchung NH 61 with Jessami NH 150 junction.

National Highway 36

Dimapur and Nagaon is connected to each other via the NH 36 which covers a distance of about 170 kms. The Highway starts at Nagaon in Assam and ends at Dimapur in Nagaland.

National Highway 61 NH 61 is the highway which starts at Nagaland itself and runs into the state of Assam. The length of the Highway is 240 kms. long with a majority of it i.e. 220 kms. of it running within Nagaland itself.

Nagaland State Transport

The Nagaland state transport was set up under the Government of Nagaland to provide to its people an efficient and economic transport facility. When it started in the year 1965, the only means of transport in the state was Nagaland State transport buses. The geographic formation of the state being majorly hills, road transport is a major form of communication for the people here. Today apart from the Nagaland State transport (NST) other private operators have also emerged who provide services with comparably higher rates. The Nagaland State transport presently operates a total of 112 scheduled services daily covering a total of around 21,300 kms.

Nagaland Air Service

Nagaland has only one airport located at Dimapur. The Dimapur Airport is located at NH 39 in the 3rd mile area. The terminal airport can accommodate a total of 500 departing passengers and 300 arriving passengers. Plans are still going on in order to develop and expand the Dimapur Airport. Flights land and leave from the airport on a regular basis. Guwahati and Kolkata have direct flights from the Airport. Air India and Jet Airways are the two flight operators providing flights to and from Dimapur.

Nagaland Railways

The major railhead in Nagaland is Dimapur which is linked to Guwahati, the gateway to the northeastern India. Guwahati is in turn connected to the rest of the country by important trains. The 1676 mm railway track of Dimapur was laid earlier by the Assam Bengal Railways. Initially it was from Chittagong to Lumding which later got extended to Tinsukia in 1903.

 

E-Waste

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The rapid growth of technology, upgradation of technical innovations and a high rate of obsolescence in the electronics industry have led to one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world which consist of end of life electrical and electronic equipment products. It comprises a whole range of electrical and electronic items such as refrigerators, washing machines, computers and printers, televisions, mobiles, i-pods, etc., many of which contain toxic materials. Many of the trends in consumption and production processes are unsustainable and pose serious challenge to environment and human health.

E-waste is not hazardous if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. The e-waste can be considered hazardous if recycled by primitive methods

Major Toxins in E‐waste

• Toxins in e‐waste include polyvinyl chloride (PVC plastics), copper, lead, mercury, arsenic (in  older models), cadmium, manganese, cobalt,  gold, and iron.
• Between 1994 and 2003, disposal of PCs resulted in 718,000 tons of lead, 287 tons of  mercury, and 1,363 tons of cadmium
• Mercury, chromium, lead, and  brominated flame retardants are likely to cause the most adverse health effects in humans.

Survey was carried out by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) during 2005

In India, among top ten cities; Mumbai ranks first in generating e-waste followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.

Banking- Role of Commercial Banks, Issue of NPA, Financial Inclusion:-

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Table of Content:-

  1. Role of Commercial Banks
  2. Issue of NPA
  3. Financial Inclusion


Role of Commercial Banks

A Commercial bank is a type of financial institution that provides services such as accepting deposits, making business loans, and offering basic investment products

There is acute shortage of capital. People lack initiative and enterprise. Means of transport are undeveloped. Industry is depressed. The commercial banks help in overcoming these obstacles and promoting economic development. The role of a commercial bank in a developing country is discussed as under.

  1. Mobilising Saving for Capital Formation:

The commercial banks help in mobilising savings through network of branch banking. People in developing countries have low incomes but the banks induce them to save by introducing variety of deposit schemes to suit the needs of individual depositors. They also mobilise idle savings of the few rich. By mobilising savings, the banks channelize them into productive investments. Thus they help in the capital formation of a developing country.

  1. Financing Industry:

The commercial banks finance the industrial sector in a number of ways. They provide short-term, medium-term and long-term loans to industry.

  1. Financing Trade:

The commercial banks help in financing both internal and external trade. The banks provide loans to retailers and wholesalers to stock goods in which they deal. They also help in the movement of goods from one place to another by providing all types of facilities such as discounting and accepting bills of exchange, providing overdraft facilities, issuing drafts, etc. Moreover, they finance both exports and imports of developing countries by providing foreign exchange facilities to importers and exporters of goods.

  1. Financing Agriculture:

The commercial banks help the large agricultural sector in developing countries in a number of ways. They provide loans to traders in agricultural commodities. They open a network of branches in rural areas to provide agricultural credit. They provide finance directly to agriculturists for the marketing of their produce, for the modernisation and mechanisation of their farms, for providing irrigation facilities, for developing land, etc.

They also provide financial assistance for animal husbandry, dairy farming, sheep breeding, poultry farming, pisciculture and horticulture. The small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural workers, artisans and petty shopkeepers in rural areas are provided financial assistance through the regional rural banks in India. These regional rural banks operate under a commercial bank. Thus the commercial banks meet the credit requirements of all types of rural people. In India agricultural loans are kept in priority sector landing.

  1. Financing Consumer Activities:

People in underdeveloped countries being poor and having low incomes do not possess sufficient financial resources to buy durable consumer goods. The commercial banks advance loans to consumers for the purchase of such items as houses, scooters, fans, refrigerators, etc. In this way, they also help in raising the standard of living of the people in developing countries by providing loans for consumptive activities and also increase the demand in the economy.

  1. Financing Employment Generating Activities:

The commercial banks finance employment generating activities in developing countries. They provide loans for the education of young person’s studying in engineering, medical and other vocational institutes of higher learning. They advance loans to young entrepreneurs, medical and engineering graduates, and other technically trained persons in establishing their own business. Such loan facilities are being provided by a number of commercial banks in India. Thus the banks not only help inhuman capital formation but also in increasing entrepreneurial activities in developing countries.

  1. Help in Monetary Policy:

The commercial banks help the economic development of a country by faithfully following the monetary policy of the central bank. In fact, the central bank depends upon the commercial banks for the success of its policy of monetary management in keeping with requirements of a developing economy.

 

 


Issue of NPA

A non performing asset (NPA) is a loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment remained overdue for a period of 90 days.According to RBI, terms loans on which interest or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days from the end of a particular quarter is called a Non-performing Asset.

However, in terms of Agriculture / Farm Loans; the NPA is defined as under:

  • For short duration crop agriculture loans such as paddy, Jowar, Bajra etc. if the loan (installment / interest) is not paid for 2 crop seasons , it would be termed as a NPA.
  • For Long Duration Crops, the above would be 1 Crop season from the due date.

The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act has provisions for the banks to take legal recourse to recover their dues. When a borrower makes any default in repayment and his account is classified as NPA; the secured creditor has to issue notice to the borrower giving him 60 days to pay his dues. If the dues are not paid, the bank can take possession of the assets and can also give it on lease or sell it; as per provisions of the SAFAESI Act.

Reselling of NPAs :- If a bad loan remains NPA for at least two years, the bank can also resale the same to the Asset Reconstruction Companies such as Asset Reconstruction Company (India) (ARCIL).  These sales are only on Cash Basis and the purchasing bank/ company would have to keep the accounts for at least 15 months before it sells to other bank. They purchase such loans on low amounts and try to recover as much as possible from the defaulters. Their revenue is difference between the purchased amount and recovered amount.

 


Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the delivery of financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society, in contrast to financial exclusion where those services are not available or affordable.Financial-inclusion

Government of India has launched an innovative scheme of Jan Dhan Yojna for Financial Inclusion to provide the financial services to millions out of the regulated banking sector.

 

 

 

 

Various program’s for financial inclusion are:-

  • Swabhimaan Scheme: under the Swabhimaan campaign, the Banks were advised to provide appropriate banking facilities to habitations having a population in excess of 2000 (as per 2001 census) by March 2012.
  • Extention of  the banking network in unbanked areas,
  • Expansion of Business Correspondent Agent (BCA) Network
  • Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) and Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG (DBTL)
  • RuPay, a new card payment scheme has been conceived by NPCI to offer a domestic, open-loop, multilateral card payment system which will allow all Indian banks and financial Institutions in India to participate in electronic payments.
  • Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was formally launched on 28th August, 2014. The Yojana envisages universal access to banking facilities with at least one basic banking account for every household, financial literacy, access to credit, insurance and pension. The beneficiaries would get a RuPay Debit Card having inbuilt accident insurance cover of Rs.1.00 lakh. In addition there is a life insurance cover of Rs.30000/- to those people who opened their bank accounts for the first time between 15.08.2014 to 26.01.2015 and meet other eligibility conditions of the Yojana.

 

 

Famous Personalities of Fredom Struggle of India

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Keshab Chander Sen :-

? was an Indian Bengali Hindu philosopher and social reformer who attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the framework of Hindu thought.He was born on 19th November 1838 in Kolkata. He was a descendant of the medieval Sena kings of Bengal.

? He was so influenced by the ideas of Brahmo Samaj that he joined the Calcutta Brahmo Samaj in 1857.

? At the age of 19, Keshab Chandra Sen started social work by establishing an evening school for adults.

? He used the medium of Press to spread social consciousness and development.

? he started a fortnightly journal ‘Indian Mirror’

? Keshab Chandra Sen was associated with many revolutionary programs of social reform like liberation of women from the social bindings, education of women and the poor workers, eradication of social evils like untouchability and casteism, spread of vernacular and various charitable works for the oppressed people.

? He took the initiative to introduce legislation to curb polygamy and child marriage and promoted inter-caste marriage.

? he was given the title of ‘Acharya’ of the ‘Brahmo Samaj’ by Devendranath Tagore. But due to the differences in the beliefs and philosophies of Devendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen, Brahmo Samaj split into two.

? founded his own breakaway “Brahmo Samaj of India” in 1866

? he propagated the Navavidhan, the New Dispensation or the Religion of Harmony. He preached bhakti, which was inspired from both Chaitanya and Christ.

 

Theodore Beck:-
was a British educationalist working for the British Raj in India, who was invited by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to serve as the first principal of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at the age 24. in Aligarh, which would later evolve into the Aligarh Muslim University. He was also opposed to join the Congress.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

? An Afghan Pashtun political and spiritual leader known for his non-violent opposition to British Rule in India.

? A lifelong pacifist, a devout Muslim,and a close friend of Mohandas Gandhi

? he was also known as Fakhri Afghan (“The Afghan pride”), Badshah Khan and Sarhaddi Gandhi (Urdu, Hindi lit.,
“Frontier Gandhi”)

? he decided social activism and reform would be more beneficial for Pashtuns. This ultimately led to the formation of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement (Servants of God). The movement’s success triggered a harsh crackdown

against him and his supporters and he was sent into exile.

? It was at this stage in the late 1920s that he formed an alliance with Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. This alliance was to last till the 1947 partition of India.

? Ghaffar Khan strongly opposed the Muslim League’s demand for the partition of India.
? In 1987 he became the first person without Indian citizenship to be awarded the Bharat Ratna

Sajjad Zaheer

? was a renowned Urdu writer, Marxist thinker

? Famously known as Bannay Mian, Zaheer was born in Lukhnow, the former state of Oudh

? He was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India and later in 1948, the Communist Party of Pakistan, along with Faiz Ahmad Faiz.

? A collection of short stories, Angaray, which had stories by Sajjad Zaheer

? and was immediately banned in India by the British Government in 1933, “for hurting the religious susceptibilities of a section of the community.” This gave rise to the All-India Progressive Writers’ Movement & Association of which both Sajjad Zaheer and Ahmed Ali were co-founders.

? The first official conference of the Association was held in Lucknow in 1936 which was presided over by Munshi Premchand.

? LITERARY CONTRIBUTION:-London Ki Ek Raat- a novel.,Roshnai, a collection of essays on progressive writing and the progressive writers movement., Zikre Hafiz, his research based book on Persian poet Hafez.,Pighla Nilam, his last book,a collection of his poetry.

WW HUNTER

? Scottish historian, statistician, a compiler and a member of theIndian Civil Service, who later became Vice President of Royal Asiatic Society

? In 1869 Lord Mayo, the then governor-general, asked Hunter to submit a scheme for a comprehensive Statistical Survey of India. And the The Imperial Gazetteer of India was published in 1881.

? In 1882 presided over the commission on Indian Education

? in 1886 he was elected vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta.

Achyut Patwardhan

? was an Indian independence activist and political leader and founder of the Socialist Party of India. He was also a philosopher who believed fundamental change in society begins with man himself,

? He studied Communist and Socialist literature, resigned his Professorship and plunged in 1932 into Gandhiji’s civil disobedience movement. He was imprisoned several times.
? In 1934 he and his associates in jail formed the Congress Socialistic Party with a view to working for socialistic objectives from within the Congress.

? He took a prominent part in the Quit India movement. he went underground, and ably directed the movement of a parallel government mainly in the Satara district.

? In 1947 they formed the Socialist Party of India, independently of the Congress. In 1950 Achyut retired from politics

LALA HAR DAYAL

? Indian revolutionary and scholar who was dedicated to the removal of British influence in India.

? On a Government of India scholarship to St. John’s College at Oxford, he became a supporter of the Indian revolutionary movement. In 1907 Har Dayal resigned his scholarship

? He returned to India in 1908 to further indigenous political institutions and to arouse his countrymen against British rule, butthe government thwarted his work, and he soon returned to Europe.

? In 1913 he formed the Ghadar rebellion (Gadar) Party to organize a against the British government of India.

Jiddu Krishnamurti

? was an Indian writer and speaker on philosophical and spiritual subjects. His subject matter included: psychological revolution, the nature of the mind, meditation, human relationships, and bringing about positive change in society

? He constantly stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.

? He claimed allegiance to no nationality, caste, religion, or philosophy, and spent the most of his life traveling the world, speaking to large and small groups and individuals

? His supporters, working through non-profit foundations in India, Great Britain and the United States, oversee several independent schools based on his views on education.

Gopi Krishna

? was a yogi, mystic, teacher, social reformer, and writer

? His autobiography is known under the title Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man.,in it he has put this amazing aspect of our nature in a logical, consistent and scientific light, and presented us with a new understanding of the goal of evolution, both as individuals and as a species.

? he himself has started to search the life of geniuses and enlightented persons in history for clues of kundalini awakening. He proposed an organisation to be erected to conduct scientific research on the matter. The research should, according to him, consist of research on biological processes in the body, psychological and sociological
research of living persons. According to Mr. Krishna the lives of historical persons should also be investigated.

Sir Muhammad Iqbal or Allama Iqbal
? was a philosopher,poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement.

? He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages

? his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz.

? Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League,in one of his most famous speeches, Iqbal pushed for the creation of a Muslim state in Northwest India.

? Pakistan Government had recognised him as its “national poet”

Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu

? was an Indian politician and Freedom Fighter , prominent Telugu barrister and the first Chief Minister of the Indian province Andhra state. He was also known as Andhra Kesari

?  He was elected the general secretary of the Congress Party in December 1921 at the Ahmedabad session

Maulana Mohammad  Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali

? were Indian Muslim leaders, activists, scholars, journalists and poets, and was among the leading figures of the Khilafat Movement

? Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar had spent four years in prison for advocating resistance to the British and support for the caliphate.

? publish the Urdu weekly Hamdard and the English weekly Comrade.

? form the All India Khilafat Committee. The organization was based in Lucknow,

? In 1920 an alliance was made between Khilafat leaders and the Indian National Congress, to work and fight together for the causes of Khilafat and Swaraj.

? Many Hindu religious and political leaders identified the Khilafat cause as Islamic fundamentalism based on a pan-Islamic agenda. And many Muslim leaders viewed the Indian National Congress as becoming increasingly dominated by Hindu fundamentalists and thus the Ali brothers began distancing themselves from Gandhi
and the Congress.

Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve

? popularly known as Maharishi Karve, was a social reformer in India in the field of women’s welfare.

? Mr Karve decided to continue the work of promoting women’s education in India. The Government of India awarded Dhondo Keshav Karve its highest civilian award, Bh?rat Ratna,

? founded Widhaw?-Wiw?hottejak Mandali, which, besides encouraging marriages of widows, also helped the needy children of widows.

? established a Hindu Widows’ Home Association

Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna

? was as Indian revolutionary, the founding president of the Ghadar Party, and a leading member of the party involved in the Ghadar Conspiracy of 1915.

? Tried at the Lahore Conspiracy trial, Sohan Singh served sixteen years of a life sentence for his part in the conspiracy before he was released in 1930.

? He later worked closely with the Indian labour movement, devoting considerable time to the Kisan Sabha and
the Communist Party of India.

Alluri Sita Rama Raju

? was an Indian revolutionary involved in the independence movement.

? Raju led the ill-fated “Rampa Rebellion” of 1922–24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathizers fought against the British Raj. He was referred to as “Manyam Veerudu” (“Hero of the Jungles”) by the local people.

Baba Ram Chandra or Shridhar Balwant Jodhpurkar

? was an Indian trade unionist ,who organised the farmers of Oudh, India into forming a united front to fight against the abuses of landlords in the 1920s and 1930s ,and formed the Oudh Kisan Sabha

? He was also an influential figure in the history of Fiji, and owed his inspiration to take up the cause of the down-trodden to his 12 years as an indentured labourer in Fiji and to his efforts to end the indenture system. He was a Brahmin, of Maharashtrian origin. He left for Fiji as an indentured labourer in 1904

Sir Thomas Roe

? diplomat and author who advanced England’s mercantile interest in Asia and was prominent in negotiations during the Thirty Years’ War.

? Roe began his diplomatic career in India as ambassador to the court of the Mogul emperor J?h?ng?r.

? As ambassador to Constantinople (1621–28), Roe obtained increased privileges for the English merchants trading in the Ottoman Empire.

? He negotiated a treaty with Algiers, then subject to Ottoman rule, resulting in the release of several hundred Englishmen captured by the Barbary pirates

Romesh Chunder Dutt

? was an Indian civil servant, economic historian, writer, and translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata.

? As an ics officier Dutt was especially troubled by the lack of assured tenants’ rights or rights of transfer for those who tilled the land. He considered the land taxes to be ruinous, a block to savings, and the source of famines.

? .He was president of the Indian National Congress in 1899.

? Dutt served as the first president of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad

? Dutt traced a decline in standards of living to the nineteenth-century deindustrialization of the subcontinent and
the narrowing of sources of wealth

? Wrote economic history of india under british rule

Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi

? was the queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state of Jhansi, situated in the north-central part of India.

? She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and a symbol of resistance to the rule of the British East India Company in the subcontinent.after she was forcibly retired by the British due to a controversial law of “Doctrine of Lapse”

? Hugh Rose ,the army commander ,commented that the Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai is “personable, clever and beautiful” and she is “the most dangerous of all Indian leaders ”

Lala Har Dayal
? was a Indian nationalist revolutionary who founded the Ghadar Party in America.

? The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.

? In a letter toThe Indian Sociologist he started , published in 1907, to explore anarchist ideas, In April 1914, he was arrested by the United States government for spreading anarchist literature and fled to Berlin, Germany.

 

 

River and drainage system of Nagaland

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River and drainage system of Nagaland

  • Nagaland, the smallest hilly state situated at the extreme north-eastern end of India, lies between 25° 6′ and 27° 4′ latitude, North of Equator and between the Longitudinal line 93° 20’ E and 95° 15’E.
  • The state shares its boundary with Assam on the West, Myanmar on the East, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam on the North and Manipur on the South.
  • The major rivers of Nagaland are Doyang, Dikhu, Dhansiri, Tizu, Tsurong, Nanung, Tsurang or Disai, Tsumok, Menung, Dzu, Langlong, Zunki, Likimro, Lanye, Dzuza and Manglu.
  • All these rivers are dendritic in nature.
  • As a river flows, it carries along material or debris, called its load.
  • A river’s load includes rocks, stones and other large particles, which are washed along the river bed.  Finer particles float in the water.
  • A river grows larger as it collects water from more tributaries along its course. The river ends at a mouth.
  • In larger rivers there is often also a wider floodplain shaped by flood waters over-topping the channel.
  • Floodplains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel.
  • Nagaland is dissected by a number of seasonal and perennial rivers and rivulets.
  • Of the rivers, Dhansiri, Doyang and Dikhu flow westward into the Brahmaputra.
  • The Tizu River, on the other hand, flows towards east and joins the Chindwin River in Burma.

DOYANG

  • It is the longest river in the state originating from the Japfü Hill near the Southern slope of Mao in Manipur and moves in a south west direction passing througRiver and drainage system of Nagalandh Kohima district and flows northward into Zunheboto and Wokha District.
  • It passes through a great part of Wokha District and flows south westerly into Dhansiri in Sibsagar, District of Assam.
  • The main tributaries of Doyang are Chubi River which flows southward from Mokokchung District and Nzhu River, originating from Nerhema area of Kohima district and flows through Miphong in Tseminyu area and finally pours itself to Doyang.

DIKHU

  • River Dikhu, which has a total length of about 160 km, originates from Nuroto Hill area in Zunheboto district.
  • The river traverses towards north along the border of Mokokchung and Tuensang districts.
  • The main tributaries of river Dikhu are Yangyu of Tuensang district and Nanung in the Langpangkong range in Mokokchung district.
  • The river flows further northward and leaves the hill near Naginimora and finally merges with the Brahmaputra River in the plains of Assam.

DHANSIRI

  • Dhansiri flows through the southwestern part of the state through Rangapahar-Dimapur Plains of Dimapur District.
  • This river receives almost all the western and southern drainages of Nagaland.
  • Its main tributaries are river Dzuza and Diphu.
  • At the extreme southwest of the state, it assumes a northwardly course forming a natural boundary with North Cachar Hills of Assam which finally drains into the Brahmaputra.

TIZU

  • The Tizu River forms an important drainage system in the eastern part of the state.
  • It originates from the central part of the state and runs through a northeast direction flows through Zunheboto, Phek district and empties itself in the Chindwin River of Myanmar.
  • The main tributaries of River Tizu are river Zunki, Lanye and Likimro.

MILAK

  • Milak is another important river which flows through Mokokchung District.
  • One of its main tributary is Tsurong.

ZUNGKI

  • The Zunki River which is the biggest tributary of Tizu, starts from the northeastern part of Changdong forest in the south of Teku and flows in southernly direction towards Noklak, Shamator and Kiphire and finally joins Tizu below Kiphire.

River and drainage system of Nagaland

Drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land.

  • River is the biggest source of water.
  • Rivers provide water to drink, irrigation, electricity, cook, clean things and easy & cheap transportation.
  • It is also a source of fresh water that flowing naturally towards an ocean, lake, sea or another river.
  • Rivers flow in channels.
  • The bottom of channel is called the bed and sides of the channel are called the banks.
  • Sometimes a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water.
  • Rivers begin at their source in higher ground such as mountains or hills, where rain water or melting snow collects and forms tiny streams.
  • When one stream meets another and they merge together, the smaller steam is known as a tributary.
  • It takes many tributary streams to form a river.

 

 

Lucknow Pact (1916),Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Rowlatt Act

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Lucknow Pact (1916)

  • Nationalists saw that their disunity was affecting their cause
  • Two important developments at the Lucknow Session of Congress
    • The two wings of the Congress were again united
    • The Congress and the Muslim League sank their old differences and put up common political demands before the government.
  • INC and ML passed the same resolutions at their sessions, put forward a joint scheme of political reforms based on separate electorates, and demanded that the British Government should make a declaration that it would confer self-government on India at an early date.
  • The pact accepted the principle of separate electorates
  • Main clauses of the pact
    • There shall be self-government in India.
    • Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government.
    • There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded joint electorates.
    • A system of weightage should be adopted.
    • The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150.
    • At the provincial level, four-fifth of the members of the Legislative Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated.
    • The size of provincial legislatures should not be less than 125 in the major provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces.
    • All members, except those nominated, should be elected directly on the basis of adult franchise.
    • No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of the members of that community in the Legislative Council.
    • The term of the Legislative Council should be five years.
    • Members of Legislative Council should themselves elect their president.
    • Half of the members of Imperial Legislative Council should be Indians.
    • The Indian Council must be abolished.
    • The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by the British government and not from Indian funds.
    • Of the two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian.
    • The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary.
  • Evaluation
    • As an immediate effect, the unity between the two factions of the congress and between INC and ML aroused great political enthusiasm in the country
    • However, it did not involve Hindu and Muslim masses and was based on the notion of bringing together the educated Hindus and Muslims as separate political entities without secularization of their political outlook
    • The pact therefore left the way open to the future resurgence of communalism in Indian politics.
  • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
    • Provincial LC enlarged. More elected members
    • Dyarchy
      • Some subjects were reserved and remained under the direct control of the Governor; others such as education, public health and local self-government were called transferred subjects and were to be controlled by the ministers responsible to the legislature.
    • At the centre, there were two houses of legislature.
    • Response of nationalists
      • INC condemned the reforms as disappointing and unsatisfactory
      • Some others , led by Surendranath Banerjea, were in favour of accepting the government proposals. They left the Congress at this time and founded the Indian Liberal Federation
    • Evaluation
      • The governor could overrule the ministers on any grounds that he considered special
      • The legislature had virtually no control over the Governor-General and his Executive Council.
      • The central government had unrestricted control over the provincial governments

 

Rowlatt Act

  • March 1919
  • It authorized the Government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law.

 

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agriculture

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the syllabus states that -mazor crops,cropping patterns in various parts of the country,different types of irrigation system,storage,transport and marketing of agricultural product,and issues related to constraints,e-tec hnology in the aid of farmers….
the link for yojna January  2011 for agriculture is for dowloading dere would be a link as  
download pdf

also ncert geography land use and agriculture is
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_FR6Jkv0z2ceE8wX05oUUN1b0k/edit?usp=sharing

for e-tec hnology in the aid of farmers.there is great krukshetra its link is


 krukshetra agriculture productivity dec 2011 link 
 krukshetra  climate change and suistainable agriculture march 2011 link
 krukshetra soil rejuvenation  nov 2011 link
and most imp krukshetra june 2013…sorry no pdf copy yet released…
and
yojna budget march 2011
yojna celebration 60 years jan 2010 
yojna north eas dec 2011

Folk songs of Nagaland

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Folk songs of Nagaland

Nagaland Music represents the rhythmically rich cultural heritage of the state. The tribes living in the remote corners of Nagaland have their inherent tradition of music. Since there are various tribal communities in Nagaland, the music of the state also expresses the melodious diversity of the same.

The themes on which the music of Nagaland is formed center around either the religious beliefs, romance or bravery. The Heliamleu which is also called by the name of dancing song of Nagaland is one of the popular music forms of the state which is based upon romanticism. Generally both the youth and the aged people create lines for this music.

The Hereileu song is known as the war song of Nagaland. This is because the aged people of Nagaland narrate their achievements in past battles through this form of music. Then there is the Neuleu song of Nagaland which expresses the legendary acts of any particular figure or a significant ancient happening in the state.

Hekialeu is another enticing part of the music of Nagaland which is of two types. The first type of Hekialeu song is composed and sung by the old people of Nagaland to glorify the deeds of their youthful days. The second type of Hekialeu song is created by both the young and old generation.

Heliamleu  

Heliamleu is a popular tribal song of Nagaland. The young people as well as the old people of the state of Nagaland involve themselves in the making of the Heliamleu song. Romantic themes are generally selected for the Heliamleu song. Ever since the tribes started living in the rural parts of Nagaland they developed an array of cultural features. Music is a prime expression of that very cultural base of Nagaland tribes. During the major festivals the tribes of Nagaland gather in a place and share the music of Heliamleu. Known as one of the oldest music forms of Nagaland music Heliamleu boasts of a rich and vibrant heritage. Sometimes the song of Heliamleu is also accompanied by musical instruments. In other cases the Heliamleu song is sung by the aged and the young with their own melodious vocal chords.

Since Heliamleu song is sung by the tribes of Nagaland from a very long time hence it has become an integral part of the cultural diversity of the state. The lines and lyrics of Heliamleu song are composed with great enthusiasm by both the younger and the older generation of Nagaland. Nagaland music has always been the center of attraction for the local tribes and sub-tribes of the state. The music in fact reflect the lifestyle, customs and beliefs of the local inhabitants of Nagaland state. It can be said that Heliamleu is the perfect manifestation of the music tradition of the Nagaland state.

Hereileu  

Hereileu is a special form of song of Nagaland state which is crated and sung mostly by the senior inhabitants of the place. Being a part of the Nagaland music Hereileu song is composed on such themes as the past deeds of the aged people of the state. The older generation of Nagaland narrate their achievements through the Hereileu song. In the ancient times the various tribes of Nagaland used to involve in wars. Hereileu song in Nagaland is basically sung by the older generation to refresh their memories about those brave battles fought in the past. This is why Hereileu is also known as war song in Nagaland state.

The way aged people once won a battle or lost it are generally included in the Hereileu song. This type of song specially glorify the bravery of the aged people of Nagaland during their youthful days. This is also done to inspire and encourage the younger generation. Nagaland has always been a vibrant platform of cultural dynamism. Music is an essential component of the culture of Nagaland. The different tribal communities of Nagaland state have their own line of music tradition.

Neuleu  

Neuleu song is a special form of Nagaland music which is formed primarily by the older generation of Nagaland state. Also called as legendary song, Neuleu is composed mainly to narrate a certain happening that took place in Nagaland many years back. The song of Neuleu also describes the achievements of a particular person who has created a mark for himself through his outstanding performance in certain fields.

Neuleu is considered as a prime manifestation of the Nagaland music. The tribal groups inhabiting the land of Nagaland from many past centuries are quite deft in the Neuleu song. The aged people who have seen the glorious past ages of Nagaland are commonly entrusted with the job of composing the Neuleu song. They, in turn, make the song of Neuleu in such a way that the performance, deeds or a particular historical event gets the prominent focus.

Hekialeu  

The song of Hekialeu has two variations. While one type of Hekialeu is sung only by the old people of Nagaland state, the other one is sung by both the old and young generation of the state. Hekialeu song of old people in Nagaland involves the description of interesting events that took place in their youthful days. Whereas the Hekialeu song composed by old and young includes various aspects of both the generation. Nagaland music is one of the most appealing cultural traits of the place. Being populated by various tribes and their sub-sections, Nagaland presents a diverse range of music forms. Hekialeu is one such type of music of Nagaland which is present in the state from many past decades.

The old people of the state of Nagaland have a store house of experience. Hekialeu song of the state is a medium through which these aged inhabitants of Nagaland share their life story with others. Also, when the young girls and boys sing the Hekialeu song during any tribal festival it rejuvenates the entire ambiance of the place. Hekialeu, in a way, symbolizes the apt synchronization of the various generations of Nagaland that have a treasure house of different types of experiences.