Nagaland, a northeastern state of India, is characterized by its hilly terrain, lush greenery, and abundant natural resources. Among its wealth of natural resources, water resources play a pivotal role in sustaining life, promoting agriculture, generating energy, and supporting biodiversity. This article explores the water resources of Nagaland in detail, focusing on their distribution, usage, challenges, and potential for sustainable development.
Geographical Context
Nagaland is a landlocked state covering an area of approximately 16,579 square kilometers. It is bordered by Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and Myanmar. The states topography is dominated by hills, valleys, and rivers, with an average elevation of about 9001,200 meters above sea level. This hilly terrain significantly influences the hydrology of the region.
Major Rivers of Nagaland
Nagaland's river systems are primarily rain-fed, and most rivers are tributaries of larger river systems. The major rivers include:
1. Dhansiri River
Originates from Laisang Peak in Nagaland.
Flows through the western part of the state into Assam.
A major tributary of the Brahmaputra River.
Vital for agriculture and biodiversity in the region.
2. Doyang River
The largest river in Nagaland.
Originates from the northeastern part of Kohima district.
Joins the Dhansiri River in Assam.
Supports the Doyang Hydroelectric Project, a significant source of power generation.
3. Tizu River
Flows from Zunheboto district to Myanmar.
Known for its potential for inland navigation and biodiversity.
Plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of local communities.
4. Langlong River
Originates in the Mokokchung district.
Contributes to local irrigation and sustains aquatic life.
5. Milak River
Flows through the Mokokchung district.
Primarily used for agricultural purposes and as a water source for domestic use.
Lakes and Wetlands
Nagaland has several small lakes and wetlands that contribute to its water resources. Prominent ones include:
Shilloi Lake: A natural lake located in the Phek district, revered for its spiritual significance and scenic beauty.
Doyang Reservoir: Formed by the Doyang Hydroelectric Project, it serves multiple purposes including irrigation, fisheries, and tourism.
Groundwater Resources
Groundwater in Nagaland is relatively untapped, with its usage largely limited to domestic purposes. However, the potential for groundwater development exists, particularly in areas with alluvial plains and valley regions. Overextraction is rare due to the reliance on surface water.
Uses of Water Resources
1. Agriculture
Agriculture is the backbone of Nagalands economy, with over 70% of the population engaged in farming.
Traditional irrigation methods like bamboo drip irrigation are widely practiced.
River water is diverted for terrace farming and wet rice cultivation, which are predominant in the state.
2. Hydropower
Nagaland has significant potential for hydropower generation.
The Doyang Hydroelectric Project (75 MW capacity) is a key contributor to the states power needs.
Smaller hydropower projects are being explored for decentralized energy production.
3. Drinking Water
Springs and rivers are the primary sources of drinking water in rural and urban areas.
Efforts are being made to improve piped water supply under schemes like the Jal Jeevan Mission.
4. Fisheries
Rivers and reservoirs like the Doyang Reservoir support local fisheries, providing livelihoods and nutrition.
5. Tourism
Water bodies such as Shilloi Lake attract tourists, contributing to the states economy.
Challenges in Water Resource Management
1. Seasonal Variability
The monsoon-dominated climate leads to high rainfall during specific months and scarcity during others.
Erratic rainfall patterns due to climate change exacerbate water stress.
2. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
The hilly terrain and shifting cultivation practices lead to significant soil erosion.
Sedimentation reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs and affects river ecosystems.
3. Deforestation
Widespread deforestation impacts watershed areas, reducing groundwater recharge and increasing surface runoff.
4. Pollution
Untreated domestic and agricultural runoff pollutes water bodies, affecting water quality and aquatic life.
5. Infrastructure Deficiency
Lack of adequate infrastructure for storage, distribution, and treatment of water hampers effective utilization.
Government Initiatives and Policies
1. Jal Jeevan Mission
Aimed at providing tap water to all rural households by 2024.
Focuses on improving water infrastructure in remote areas.
2. Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP)
Targets soil and water conservation in hilly regions.
Promotes sustainable agricultural practices to reduce runoff and improve water retention.
3. Hydropower Development Policies
Encourages investments in small and medium hydropower projects.
Promotes the use of renewable energy resources.
4. National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP)
Focuses on ensuring safe and adequate drinking water supply in rural areas.
Potential for Sustainable Development
Nagalands water resources, if managed sustainably, can significantly contribute to its economic growth and ecological balance. Key areas of potential include:
1. Rainwater Harvesting
Implementing traditional and modern rainwater harvesting techniques can mitigate water scarcity during dry seasons.
2. Eco-tourism
Promoting water-based tourism can generate revenue while conserving resources.
3. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
Adopting an integrated approach to manage water, land, and related resources can ensure sustainability.
4. Community Participation
Involving local communities in water conservation and management can enhance effectiveness and acceptance of policies.
5. Watershed Development
Strengthening watershed development programs to control soil erosion and improve water retention.
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