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Nagaland Food Security

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Nagaland Food Security

Nagaland, was born on 1st December 1963 and among the farthest lying state in northeast. The state is split into seven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheloto, Twensang and Mon. It is a mostly mountainous state with most area covered by forest. Agriculture is that the most essential economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops embody rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Alternative economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, Insurance, real estate and tourism.Nagaland Food Security

The state is found between the 93°20′ E and 95°15′ E Longitudes and 25°6′ and 27°4′ N Latitudes. The entire space lined by the state is 16,579 sq. kilometer. Nagaland was declared the sixteenth state of the country of India on 1 December 1963. Before this, Nagaland accustomed could be a union territory. The other attention-grabbing knowledge concerning Nagaland is that it homes as many as sixteen entirely completely different ethnic groups. These groups of people have their own separate cultural identities that embrace customs, dresses and languages. Nearly 90% of the population of Nagaland is devout Christians. The state put together options a considerable Hindu people. Kohima, the capital town of the state, options a variety of sites that ought to be visited by the tourists as a result of it will facilitate them in getting an insight of the rich history place. The name ‘Kohima’ has been derived from the name of a plant referred to as ‘Kew Hi’ that thrives inside the mountainous region. Kohima could be a fascinating place, endowed many natural beauty.

Nagaland has created tremendous progress throughout the last forty seven years of its Statehood. Our ability level, these days standing on top of 70th, is on top of the Indian national average. Our growth in agriculture sector, significantly inside the previous couple of years, has even shocked United States. A quick examine the gross domestic product of the State show that the State’s economy has been registered a healthy growth of relating to 15 August 1945. Such tremendous growth in agriculture sector desires corresponding entrepreneurial intervention to want advantage of the potentials, and switch them into economic opportunities.

Meaning of Food security

It is an act to produce for food and organic process security in human life cycle approach , by guaranteeing access to adequate amount of quality food at reasonable costs to individuals to measure a life with dignity and for matters connected with that or incidental to it.

The ‘National Food Security Act, 2013’ was introduced by the govt. to produce quality and nutrient food to the folk, poor and pregnant ladies. the most aim of this Act is – to produce food and organic process security in human life cycle approach, by guaranteeing access to essential and adequate amount of quality food at reasonable costs to folks to measure a life with dignity and for matters connected with that or incidental to it.

The connected provisions and mechanism for providing food and organic process security to common men of this country square measure arranged down within the Act, that square measure as follows:

  • Fair value search
  • Food grains
  • Food Security
  • Rural space
  • Targeted Public Distribution System

Three years after adoption of the National Food Security Act (NFSA) in 2013, the state of Nagaland is finally set to implement the Act once abundant talks with the Centre on the financial facet.

 

The Act is enforced in Dimapur and Kohima districts with result from July 1, 2016 and by August next, the NFSA can cover the remaining nine districts. The Nagaland regime can begin execution the NFSA coverage phase-wise from June 1 beginning with Kohima and Dimapur districts. NFSA 2013 was a landmark event within the State’s history. delay in implementation of the Food Security Act in Nagaland was owing to unfavourable funding pattern and varied supplying problems like lack of infrastructure, lack of godowns in most districts of the State, lack of power backup, conversion method and constitution of State Food Commission, vigilance committees, and grievances redress mechanism at the district level.

Under the Act, beneficiaries of Priority Household (PHH) would be provided five metric weight units of backed food grains per head at Rs three per metric weight unit for rice and Rs 2 for wheat within the ratio of 4:1. NFSA 2013 would additionally cover 78.83 per cent of the agricultural people and 61.98 per cent of the urban people within the State.

Department, from high to bottom, was totally mobilized to realize the target of providing extremely backed food grains to the beneficiaries. Informing that each on top of poverty line (APL) and Below poverty line (BPL) beneficiaries are amalgamated beneath the name of Priority home as per the Act, the department had 2,37,434 households with a rise of 44,464 households with feminine members as head of family within the PHH card covering 11,93,922 individual beneficiaries. alongside 2,12,034 Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) beneficiaries, the department would cover 14,05,956 beneficiaries.

Three years once adoption of the National Food Security Act (NFSA) in 2013, the state of Nagaland is finally set to implement the Act once abundant talks with the Centre on the monetary facet.

The Act are enforced in Dimapur and Kohima districts with result from 1st  of July, 2016 and by August next, the NFSA can cover the remaining nine districts.

In pursuance of National Food Security Act 2013, the Govt. Of Nagaland has approved for the implementation of the NFSA,2013 within the state. The eligible priority households shall be entitled to receive 5(five) kgs of Foodgrains per person per month either @Rs.3/- per kilogram of rice or Rs.2/- per kilogram of wheat. The implementation shall begin solely once completion of identification of eligible households within the state.

There will be no additional ABL/BPL beneficiaries beneath NFSA solely Priority households. The AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana) beneficiaries can still receive their monthly allocation as per the theme. The District Administration, native bodies and village Councils square measure requested to help the Department of F&CS to spot eligible priority beneficiaries. Any false declarations by candidates are mechanically rejected and no additional appeal is thought of.

The Criteria For Identification Of Priority Households Under The National Food Security Act, 2013 Are As Under:-

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Households having an annual family income of Rs. 1.5 lakh or less and falling underneath the subsequent class are considered for inclusion beneath priority households.
  • Vulnerable and marginalised section of the individuals infected with HIV+ and punctually registered by Nagaland State Aids control Society (NSACS).
  • Households with a disable person as head of the households (as outlined in persons with Disabilities Act ‘1995) subjected to submission of prescribed certified by a competent medical Authority.
  • Single women (including widows, unmarried, divorced and deserted women).
  • Homeless and indigent households.
  • Occupationally vulnerable teams like Casual Domestic staff, Unskilled staff, Casual Labourers, rickshaw and Cart-pullers, Marginal Farmers, Vegetables Vendors, Rag-pickers etc. also will be enclosed underneath Priority Households.
  • He/She ought to be a bonafide subject of India and apermanent resident of Nagaland.
  • Salaried workers (Public/Private Sectors) falling below the financial gain bar as mentioned on top of.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Any member of households possessing a four wheeler.
  • Households receiving Ration/Food grant underneath the other
  • Any member of the house who is a worker of
  • Central/State Govt. With an annual income of over Rs.1.5 lakh

Nagaland Public Finance and fiscal Policy

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Nagaland Public Finance and fiscal Policy

Nagaland is one amongst the north-eastern states in India. It’s bordered on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly referred to as Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one of India’s smallest states, with an entire space of 16,579 sq kilometre. The Naga Hills run through this small state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of regarding 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji ar the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly sylvan, and cut by deep watercourse valleys. There’s a decent type of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with sometimes high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 mm (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland has a legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha and one to the Lok Sabha. There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

The state is found between the 93°20′ E and 95°15′ E Longitudes and 25°6′ and 27°4′ N Latitudes. The total space lined by the state is 16,579 sq. kilometer. Nagaland was declared the sixteenth state of the country of India on 1 December 1963. Before this, Nagaland accustomed could be a union territory. The other attention-grabbing knowledge concerning Nagaland is that it homes as many as sixteen entirely completely different ethnic groups. These groups of people have their own separate cultural identities that embrace customs, dresses and languages. Nearly ninety make the most the population of Nagaland is devout Christians. The state collectively options considerable Hindu individuals. Kohima, the capital town of the state, options a variety of websites that ought to be visited by the tourists as a result of it will facilitate them in getting an insight of the rich history place. The name ‘Kohima’ has been derived from the name of a plant referred to as ‘Kew Hi’ that thrives inside the mountainous region. Kohima could be a fascinating place, endued with scores of natural beauty.Nagaland Public Finance and fiscal Policy

PUBLIC FINANCE

With a slender tax base, the State depends on central transfers for its finances since Statehood. Post the fourteenth finance commission recommendations; the State total receipt throughout 2016-2017 (B.E) is anticipated to extend by 15 per cent. Consequently, the State’s business enterprise deficit is calculable to fall inside the 3 per cent business enterprise deficit target as set underneath Nagaland business enterprise Responsibility & Budget Management Act. But a problem of concern is that the State’s total liability that is calculable to stay at 43.77 per cent of GSDP as against the Medium Term economic policy Statement target of 32.15 per cent in 2016-17. Total Receipts of the State

The full receipts of the authorities comprise of the revenue receipts and also the capital receipts. Throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the full receipts of the authorities is calculable to grow by 15 per cent raising the full receipt to Rs.13,870.98 crore from Rs.12,060.99 crore in 2015-16 (R.E). Element wise, throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the share of revenue receipts and capital receipts within the total receipts was seventy 6.19 per cent and 23.81 per cent severally.

State tax income receipt contains of State’s own tax income receipts and share of central tax transfers. State own tax income includes receipts from land revenue, stamp duties and registration, sales tax/VAT, skilled tax, tax on cars, State excise etc. Among the various classes of State’s own taxes; VAT, skilled tax and tax on vehicles contribute the most quantity to State own tax income. Throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the full quantity of tax income is calculable to extend to Rs. 3531.62 crore from Rs. 2985.93 crore in 2015-16 (R.E). As share of total revenue receipts, total tax income account for 33.20 per cent throughout 2015-16 (R.E) and 34.42 per cent throughout 2016-17 (B.E).

The non-tax revenue contains of interest receipts, revenue from administration, State lottery, power, facility, housing, forestry and life and road transport. Within the State, underneath non tax income, the main contribution comes from Power Department. Throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the full non-tax revenue is calculable to extend to Rs. 261.59 crore from Rs. 237.82 crore in 2015-16 (R.E).

State’s own revenue (including tax and non-tax) receipts (SORR) that was Rs. 536.83 crore throughout 2011-12 raised to Rs. 659.22 crore throughout 2014-15. Throughout 2016-17(B.E) the SORR is calculable to additional increase to Rs.776.90 crore. As against absolutely the increase in SORR, the percentage share of the State’s own revenue receipts (i,e. tax and non-tax revenue) to total revenue receipts swayback from 9.61 per cent in 2011-12 to 7.35 per cent in 2016-17 (B.E).

Nagaland gross fiscal deficit soared from Rs 1 Billion in 1991-92 to Rs 11.6 Billion within the fiscal year (FY) 2015-2016 as per the info discharged by reserve bank of India (RBI) on Saturday.

According to the reference book of Statistics of run 1st released in 2016, the number is that the highest business enterprise deficit in sixteen years of Nagaland state since 1991 and State had just one surplus fiscal year in 2003-04.

However, as per the advance budget estimate, the business enterprise deficit is anticipated to decrease to Rs 5.4 billion (Rs 5,400 billion) in FY 2016-17. Overall, the second edition of RBI’s applied math publication titled ‘Handbook of Statistics on States 2016-17’ rumored a hike within the gross business enterprise deficit of all the states of India, surging from a Rs 187.9 billion in FY 1991 to Rs 4,495.2 billion in FY a 2016.

The State with the very best deficit was Rajasthan at Rs 673.5 billion followed by Uttar Pradesh at Rs 643.2 billion. The Gross fiscal Deficit (GFD) shows the surplus of total expenditure together with loans internet of recovery over revenue receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts.

The rise in fiscal deficit is additionally indicative of 2 deteriorating state of affairs within the economy growing revenue deficit moreover outstanding liabilities.

With the enactment of a fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM) Act, 2005 at the centre, the Twelfth Finance Commission (XII FC) suggested that every State enact a fiscal responsibility legislation prescribing specific annual targets with a read to eliminate the Revenue Deficit by 2008-09 and scale back financial Deficit supported a path for reduction of borrowings and guarantees. The State of Nagaland enacted Nagaland financial Responsibility and Budget Management (NFRBM) Act in 2005. The targets prescribed in NFRBM Act and projections created by government in its Medium Term fiscal policy Statement (MTFPS), targets planned within the Budget, Fourteenth Finance Commission (XIV FC) targets for the State vis-a-vis achievements throughout the year 2014-15

Nagaland gross fiscal deficit soared from Rs 1 Billion in 1991-92 to Rs 11.6 Billion within the fiscal year (FY) 2015-2016 as per the information discharged by reserve bank of India (RBI) on Saturday.

According to RBI, the reference work of Statistics initial discharged in 2016, it’s the best fiscal deficit in 16 years of Nagaland state since 1991 and State had only 1 surplus fiscal year in 2003-04.

However, as per the advance budget estimate, the financial deficit is predicted to decrease to Rs 5.4 billion in FY2016-17. Overall, the second edition of RBI’s statistical publication titled ‘Handbook of Statistics on States 2016-17’ according a hike within the gross fiscal deficit of all the states of India, surging from a Rs 187.9 billion in FY 1991 to Rs 4,495.2 billion in FY2016.

The State with the best deficit was Rajasthan at Rs 673.5 billion followed by Uttar Pradesh at Rs 643.2 billion. The Gross fiscal Deficit (GFD) shows the surplus of total expenditure together with loans internet of recovery over revenue receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts.

The rise in financial deficit is additionally indicative of 2 deteriorating state of affairs within the economy growing revenue deficit moreover outstanding liabilities. (UNI)

In Nagaland’s 2015-16 budget, one amongst the best contributors to the state’s increase in revenue on the capital account are internal debt. The inner debt of the state is predicted to extend by quite 55th from the revised estimates of 2014-15. The government is predicted to lift the aforesaid quantity from enhanced market borrowings to the tune of Rs. 480 crores and ways that and suggests that advances from the tally to the tune of Rs. 626 crores of rupees. The exaggerated borrowings can presumably place a pressure on the debt service burden within the future. However, the increased GSDP, to the tune of quite terrorist organization, is predicted to cut back the consolidated debt as a printed of GSDP to 35.4% from 4.5%. Thus the importance of economic process once more props its head within the budget numbers. To confirm that the amount of debt square measure property within the end of the day there’s a requirement to confirm that the divisor, particularly GSDP should increase moreover. The fiscal deficit is predicted to be 4.91% of the GSDP. Reduction in financial deficit that has been envisaged by the XIV Finance Commission to sub third levels would require our state to renew its target revenue generation. For this purpose it’s necessary that we glance at newer sources of tax income. It’s going to be pertinent to say the expertise of Mizoram that gathered over Rs.7.23 crores at intervals an area of underneath three months. The enacting of the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition & management Act, 2014 when a. associate degree sophisticated dialogue on the difficulty of prohibition in our state should be conducted so it’ll provide some respite to the cash stripped Nagaland government.

The main feature of our revenue performance is that the increase of quite two hundredth in own tax income compared to RE 2014-15 and budgeted at Rs. 434.46 crores. Together with this increase there has been a decrease in non-tax revenue by 27th and is budgeted to be at Rs. 360.48. The revenue deficit is budgeted to be 125th of GSDP.

Another feature that’s noteworthy is that the slow however steady increase in interest payments created by our government. It exaggerated from the particular figure of Rs. 450.6cr in 2013-14 to the budgeted to Rs. 661.42cr in 2015-16. As mentioned earlier it’s vital that there’s a combined effort to cut back the interest burden on the govt. in an exceedingly comprehensive manner. No budget discussion in Nagaland is complete while not a reference or an examination of the position or otherwise of the role competes by central transfers. It’s been budgeted that there’ll be a rise (compared to RE 2014-15) within the transfers from the centre to Rs. 8227 cr. this is often simply over 37.0% of the anticipated increase in GSDP.

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Nagaland Human Development Index

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Nagaland Human Development Index

The first Human Development Report for the State of Nagaland was brought get in the year 2004. It provided a perceptive glimpse into the administrative and developmental attribute of the State in addition as a exposure of the human development indices for the districts and also the State as a full. A decade later, a requirement was felt to bring out this standing of social and economic development within the State in terms of the human development indices leading to the second Human Development Report for Nagaland.

The HDI may be an outline measure of the income, education and health achievements of the State. HDI (2011) of Nagaland was 0.63 as compared to 0.61 (2014) for the country as a full. The general performance, however, hides the very fact that there have been massive inter-district disparities in performance. at intervals Nagaland, the HDI was highest in Dimapur with zero.81, followed by Kohima and Wokha each with zero.66 and Mokokchung at 0.61. On the opposite hand, Mon district had all-time low HDI with 0.50. This bury district inequality appears to own modified very little since 2001 with districts like Tuensang and Mon still at the lowest in 2011 along side districts like Zunheboto and also the new district of Longleng. These eastern districts also are the worst playing in terms of indicators like unfold of rural roads, employee participation, instructional attainments, urbanisation etc.Nagaland Human Development Index

The HDI combines convenience of basic amenities like toilets and pucca homes, immunisation at birth, poverty levels with education facilities and illiteracy levels. The HDI for the State is at concerning 29 % that additionally shows a transparent improvement over the figure of forty % in 2001. Once again, the districts of Dimapur, Mokokchung and Kohima area unit clear leaders. additional crucial, the eastern districts of Tuensang and Mon continue at the lowest in terms of changes within the HPI index between 2001 and 2011.

Human Development Index (HDI) has 3 important dimensions —longevity, measured by life expectancy at birth; instructional attainment, measured by adult attainment rate and gross ingress ratio; and normal of living or command over resources, measured by per capita GDP. A healthy life, free from unhealthiest, is important within the notion of well being. Education is very important for realising one’s highest potentials and enlarging the accessible set of opportunities and decisions. Adequate financial gain, for a good normal of living, is important for all dimensions of human development, as well as health and education. Financial gain may be a part of HDI as a proxy/surrogate for all dimensions of human development not mirrored in an exceedingly long and healthy life and in information.

The HDI (2001) of Nagaland was 0.62, as compared to 0.472 (2001) for India. The State’s sensible performance and ranking are often best understood by staring at the constituents of the indices and also the factors that influence them, as well as attainment, health standing and income levels. The per capita financial gain of Nagaland throughout 2000–2001 is nearly up to the national average. The 2001 State attainment rate is 67 % as against the national average of 65.2 percent. The social framework of Nagaland has placed education as a valued quality since its introduction nearly 130 years alongside the entry of Christianity. The distinctive framework of care and provision of Naga society finds expression within the higher performance of the State, as against the national average, in terms of longevity/mortality standing.

Within Nagaland, the HDI was highest in Dimapur (0.73), followed by Mokokchung (0.71). Mon district had all-time low HDI (0.45). However, only 1 district, Mon, had HDI but 0.47, the national HDI. The ranking of districts is directly associated with the position of the districts with DDP, and with the academic attainments. this means a positive relationship between the income levels, the academic attainments and human development within the State. Tuensang and Mon are consistent underachievers altogether the symptoms of the HDI, except within the case of infant mortality rate (IMR) in Mon , reinforcing the necessity for special focus and policy intervention in these remote districts.

The first Nagaland State Human Development Report (NSHDR) was brought get in 2004, and afterwards the government signed a multilateral agreement with the govt. of India and also the global organization Development Programme (UNDP) to undertake the project to strengthen state plans for human development, that the DHDR may be a section. The DHDR project is being handled by the state department of coming up with and Coordination.

Nagaland has created a distinction within the country by turning into the primary state to bring out the sub-national HDR, the 2004 NSHDR and consequently the sub-sub-national HDRs for the districts of Mon, Kohima and Phek in 2011, additionally another 1st within the country. He expressed enthusiasm that if all went well, Nagaland is about to become the primary state to bring out the HDR of all its districts once the reports for Peren and Zunheboto, that area unit probably to be out at intervals a month’s time, area unit released. He expressed that the previous reports were well received by the UNDP and also the planning commission.

In forty years of statehood, Nagaland has created important progress. The executive reach has extended to the way corners of the State that is a way of addressing the matter of ‘remoteness’. Necessary infrastructure has been arranged and property at intervals the State has improved. Nagaland has conjointly created tremendous progress altogether major sectors of human development. Its attainment rate has reached 67.11 % from a mere 20.40 % in 1961. Its sex quantitative relation, CBR, CDR, IMR and MMR rates area unit higher than the national average. Life is seventy three.4 years. The per capita income has conjointly climbed higher than the national average as per 2001. However, the foremost challenges that confronted the State within the starting still stay. Attributable to this, in most cases, the figures and statistics, although spectacular, don’t reveal the whole image. For example, whereas the attainment rate is encouraging, the standard of education has suffered and therefore the state rates, particularly of educated youth, area unit a true cause for concern. Issues associated with infrastructure stay. There’s conjointly the question of mobilisation of internal resources, particularly through exploitation of the State’s natural resources. Strategic coming up with and intelligent investments are as necessary as finding sources of funding.

The State is at an important stage in its trajectory of growth. The wealthy social capital of Kamarupan communities, the final resilience of the society, the numerous and wealthy environmental capital and therefore the mineral wealth area unit the inherent strengths to create upon for a quicker and property progress. Through numerous innovative policy interventions, the regime is creating efforts to faucet into this wealthy social capital and to bring the folks back to the centre of decision-making. One among them is that the Nagaland Communitisation of Public establishments and Services Act, 2002, wherever management of state assets is being turned over to the village communities. The folks have responded favourably though the initiative continues to be in its infancy. As Nagaland appearance forward, the subsequent areas need to be addressed:

  • Conditions to beat the immediate impacts of violence.
  • Development initiatives to enhance infrastructure, living and dealing conditions.
  • Special attention for the youth of Nagaland within the fields of technical education, recreation and paid employment.
  • New ways for a ‘Developed Nagaland’.
  • A purposeful model of interaction between the people, administrators and political leadership should accomplish this vision of a ‘Developed Nagaland’.

Human development and economic process area unit interlinked. By focusing on economic process, Nagaland will expect to reap edges through increased levels of financial gain, employment generation and reduction in economic disparities at intervals the various regions of the State and therefore the people. The requirement to create on the out there resources and opportunities has been emphatic throughout this chapter. Harnessing of the resources and potentials—mineral, forest, agriculture, land, trade —and the opportunities in trade, the new sectors of IT or biotechnology need not solely investments however conjointly policy interventions to encourage such investments. Government’s role in creating the investments can not be unpretentious however the restricted handiness of economic resources with the govt necessitates that personal investment, each from at intervals and out of doors the State, area unit inspired. The caution to be exercised whereas embarking on the trail of economic development is to confirm that the resources available are used with efficiency and in a very property and planned manner for equitable economic process at intervals an affordable timeframe.

 

Nagaland’s Human Development Indices In line with the country’s National Human Development Report, 2001 the subsequent 3 indices are made for Nagaland:

  • Human Development Index (HDI)
  • Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
  • Human poorness Index (HPI) one among the foremost issues within the estimation of those indices was the non-availability of information on district domestic product (DDP).

Therefore, a sample survey was conducted to assemble the required data at the district level.

The HDI (2001) of Nagaland was 0.62, as compared to 0.472 (2001) for India. The State’s sensible performance and ranking are often best understood by staring at the constituents of the indices and therefore the factors that influence them, as well as attainment, health standing and financial gain levels. The per capita financial gain of Nagaland throughout 2000–2001 is sort of capable the national average. The 2001 State attainment rate is 67 % as against the national average of 65.2 percent. The social framework of Nagaland has placed education as a valued plus since its introduction nearly 130 years along side the launching of Christianity.

GDI for the State is 0.42 as against an HDI of 0.62. Adjusted for gender difference, Kohima’s performance is healthier than all different districts in human development indicators, followed by Dimapur, Mokokchung and Phek districts. The primary 3 districts even have higher HDI than the opposite districts of the State. Zunheboto, Tuensang and Mon kind the lower finish of the spectrum. These districts have had lower financial gain levels, attainment rates and entrance than the remainder of the State. The health infrastructure in these districts is additionally inadequate, impacting the health standing and longevity of the people.

The HPI for the State is 35.58 percent. The index has return down from 42.07 % in 1991 and 49.37 % in 1981, as calculable for the State within the National Human Development Report, 2001. The worth of HPI is lowest in Mokokchung, indicating lowest level of deprivation standing among all the districts, followed by Zunheboto, Wokha. The bigger, a lot of cosmopolitan, regions of Dimapur and Kohima area unit hierarchical fourth and fifth severally, indicating that a lot of poor persons reside in these ‘better’ districts of the State. This is often indicative of the pull and push factors of urbanisation, inability of the urban infrastructure to supply the essential wants and demand of specific poor-oriented ways in these districts.

Nagaland tax and economic reforms

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Nagaland tax and economic reforms

The Commissionerate of Taxes, Nagaland was created in August 1964 with the appointment of the then Commissioner, Nagaland because the ex-officio Commissioner of Taxes. The department started functioning with a Superintendent of Taxes and an Inspector deputed from Assam Taxation Service. A fully fledged post of Commissioner of Taxes, Nagaland was created on August 20, 1976, with its Headquarter at Kohima. Later on, the Headquarter was shifted right down to Dimapur in November, 1976, for higher tax administration. Presently, the commissionerate workplace is found opposite to the workplace of the Deputy Commissioner, Dimapur. The Department functions underneath the executive management of the Finance Commissioner through the Revenue Branch of Finance Department, Kohima. The department is headed by the Commissioner of Taxes who is typically from the I.A.S. cadre. He is assisted by 2 further and 2 Deputy Commissioners of Taxes. For higher tax administration the department is split into 3 Zones of Dimapur, Kohima and Mokokchung. The Zonal offices area unit headed by Assistant Commissioners of Taxes. All the Districts Tax offices area unit manned by Superintendent of Taxes. The Department of Taxes is that the highest revenue generating department within the State. the whole revenue assortment throughout the year 2011-2012 was Rs 258.36 crores.

The Finance Department is chargeable for all matters regarding money administration of the government, together with preparation of the States’ Annual Budget. It exercises management and supervising over the Receipts and Expenditure of the govt. and initiates numerous measures for improvement in financial management, further resources mobilisation, economy and potency in Government expenditures etc. It conjointly formulates policies regarding levy and assortment of varied taxes like price additional Tax, oil Tax, Central nuisance tax, Professions Tax, recreation Tax etc. The Department exercises body management and supervising over the 3 Directorates of Treasuries and Accounts, Nagaland State Lotteries and Taxes.

Till attainment of Statehood, the then Naga Hills District was an administrative body underneath Assam. Among others, sales tax Law of Assam was extended to Naga Hills effective from 2-2-1948. However, it’s not obtainable on record, to determine whether or not any revenue was collected from the Naga Hills District.

(i) Year of Establishment: The Department of Taxes, Nagaland was established in August 1964, with the appointment of the Commissioner, Nagaland because the ex-officio Commissioner of Taxes vide Government Notification NO.SGN.182/63/29 (a) 14-6-63

(ii) Structure set-up at the time of inception: A full fledged Commissioner of Taxes was created on 20th August 1976, with its Headquarters at Kohima. Within the same year, the Headquarter was shifted right down to Dimapur, the business hub of the State, for higher tax administration. A post of Superintendent of Taxes was conjointly created and an official from Assam Taxation Service was brought on deputation to start out the functioning of the Department beside skeleton workers.

(iii)        Activities of the department at the beginning: With the establishment of the Department, the question of adoption of the prevailing Taxation Laws of Assam as applied to the erstwhile Naga Hills District to the freshly formed State by the Nagaland Adoption of Laws Order, 1965 were examined however owing to some confusion the provisions of Taxation Laws couldn’t be enforced by adoption/modification. Meanwhile, the govt. took a call to own its own Laws that crystal rectifier to the enactment of the subsequent Taxation Laws.

  1. The Nagaland sales tax Act, 1967.
  2. The Nagaland Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1967.
  3. The Nagaland Profession, Trade, Callings and Employment Taxation Act, 1968.
  4. The Nagaland (Sales of petroleum & petroleum products, together with Motor spirit and Lubricants) Taxation Act, 1967.
  5. The Nagaland passenger and goods Taxation Act, 1967.

District Tax Offices: All the District Tax offices perform underneath the superintendence of the Zonal Assistant Commissioners of Taxes. Every District Tax office is headed by a Superintendent of Taxes. Dealers register their business and file tax returns within the District Tax workplace. Tax is directly deposited within the several Government heads of account by the tax remunerator through the District Treasury workplace. Nagaland Taxation Check Gates: The department has erected four Check Gates at the strategic entry points specifically Zubza and Tsutapela underneath Kohima and Mokokchung severally and Dillai Road and New Field Gate at Dimapur with a read to forestall evasion of tax. These Check Gates monitor the movement of merchandise – each coming into and going out of dutiable goods through the State. The Nagaland Taxation Check Gates at Dillai Road and Gologhat Road, Dimapur, perform underneath the management of the Assistant Commissioner of Taxes, Mobile Squad. The Zubza and therefore the Tsutapela Check Gates perform underneath the direct management and supervision of the Assistant Commissioners of Taxes Kohima and Mokokchung Zones respectively.

One of the strengths of Nagaland lies in her natural resources however presently natural resources that can not be replaced particularly the non-renewable resources are empty at can greatly. Sadly the policies relating to the extraction of natural resources area unit inadequate thereby the economic performance stay not solely poor however has opened the window towards way reaching harmful consequences. On another level, sound of natural resources ought to be backed by policies that might enhance revenue generation. The pattern of development ought to be such; it ought to scrutinize diversifying the revenue to different sectors to reinforce development. This needs correct investment policies particularly on revenue generation with target shifting the pattern of economic development towards producing and service sectors.

Industrialization of each little and massive industries is another major concern for economic development. Today, of the 2 major industries, one is within the ‘processes of revival and therefore the different is detected no additional. The revival of Tuli manufactory is an imperative necessity if Nagaland is to revive economy. Further, having a pulp centre for the paper mill in every district will certainly cause work potency, employment generation and inflated production. to the current finish of end of industry, power and electricity is another major concern.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale, and consumption of goods and services throughout India. GST would replace respective taxes levied by the central and state governments.

What is GST?

  • It is a destination-based taxation system.
  • It has been established by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act.
  • It is an indirect tax for the whole country on the lines of “One Nation One Tax” to make India a unified market.
  • It is a single tax on supply of Goods and Services in its entire product cycle or life cycle i.e. from manufacturer to the consumer.
  • It is calculated only in the “Value addition” at any stage of a goods or services.
  • The final consumer will pay only his part of the tax and not the entire supply chain which was the case earlier.
  • There is a provision of GST Council to decide upon any matter related to GST whose chairman in the finance minister of India.

What taxes at center and state level are incorporated into the GST?

At the State Level

  • State Value Added Tax/Sales Tax
  • Entertainment Tax (Other than the tax levied by the local bodies)
  • Octroi and Entry Tax
  • Purchase Tax
  • Luxury Tax
  • Taxes on lottery, betting, and gambling

At the Central level

  • Central Excise Duty
  • Additional Excise Duty
  • Service Tax
  • Additional Customs Duty (Countervailing Duty)
  • Special Additional Duty of Customs

Benefits of GST

For Central and State Governments

  • Simple and Easy to administer: Because multiple indirect taxes at the central and state levels are being replaced by a single tax “GST”. Moreover, backed with a robust end to end IT system, it would be easier to administer.
  • Better control on leakage: Because of better tax compliance, reduction of rent seeking, transparency in taxation due to IT use, an inbuilt mechanism in the design of GST that would incentivize tax compliance by traders.
  • Higher revenue efficiency: Since the cost of collection will decrease along with an increase in the ease of compliance, it will lead to higher tax revenue.

For the Consumer

  • The single and transparent tax will provide a lowering of inflation.
  • Relief in overall tax burden.
  • Tax democracy that is luxury items will be taxed more and basic goods will be tax-free.

For the Business Class

  • Ease of doing business will increase due to easy tax compliance.
  • Uniformity of tax rate and structure, therefore, better future business decision making and investments by the corporates.
  • Removal of cascading effects of taxes.
  • Reduction in transactional cost will lead to improved competitiveness.
  • Gain to the manufacturer and exporters.
  • It is expected to raise the country GDP by 2% points.

GST Council

  • It is the 1st Federal Institution of India, as per the Finance minister.
  • It will approve all decision related to taxation in the country.
  • It consists of Centre, 29 states, Delhi and Puducherry.
  • Centre has 1/3rd voting rights and states have 2/3rd voting rights.
  • Decisions are taken after a majority in the council.

Supporting Laws to implement GST

For the implementation of GST, apart from the Constitution Amendment Act, some other statutes are also necessary. Recently 5 supporting laws to the GST were recommended by the council. 4 for the bills should be passed by the parliament, while the 5th one should be passed by respective state legislatures. The details are given below.

  • The Central Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The CGST Bill).
  • The Integrated Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The IGST Bill).
  • The Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017 (The UTGST Bill).
  • The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to the States) Bill 2017 (The Compensation Bill).
  • And a state GST will be passed by the respective state legislative assemblies.
  • Tax slabs are decided as 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28% along with categories of exempted and zero rated goods for different types of goods and services.
  • Further, a cess would be levied on certain goods such as luxury cars, aerated drinks, pan masala and tobacco products, over and above the rate of 28% for payment of compensation to the States.
  • However, which goods and services fall into which bracket is still an enormous task to be completed by the GST council.
  • Highest tax slab is pegged at 40%.

Another massive challenge to economic development comes from road and connectivity. Roads and property area unit important to economic development, however the condition of the roads is hampering the economic and social progress of the state. Proper roads and a viable transport system could be a lifeline. It will effectively bring multiple socio-economic reforms in terms of economic transformation particularly within the rural areas through accrued social mobility, booming market, production of commodity, reduced impoverishment which is able to end in a reworked means of life. These area unit incentives to reinforce socio-economic development and a property growth. On the full, the ‘lack’ of correct roads in Nagaland could be a real presentation of a serious ‘stumbling block’ within the emergence of Nagaland as associate economic powerhouse. The pattern of development particularly within the rural sector ought to essentially address the issues related to fast urbanization. To the present finish, improved roads and property, a system of agriculture that encourages farming and faculty education can go a protracted manner in solving the issues of urbanization.

Nagaland schemes and projects

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Nagaland schemes and projects

Nagaland is one among the north-eastern states in India. It’s deckled on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly called Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one among India’s smallest states, with a complete area of 16,579 sq kilometres. The Naga Hills run through this tiny state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of concerning 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji are the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly wooded, and cut by deep river valleys. There’s a good variety of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with usually high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 millimeter (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland features a single-chamber legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and one to the Lok Sabha (Lower House). There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

These are Centrally Sponsored scheme for provision of housing to the rural poor. Village development board VDB –Wise allocation are created to the VDBs. choice of beneficiaries are created by the VDBs on the factors of BPL and poorest of the poor being given the preference. The beneficiaries undertake construction of homes with community help.

This is a State Sponsored scheme whereby family allocations are provided for the VDBs develop infrastructure and implement financial gain generation activities. Schemes are designated by the VDBs, supported the quantum of the village allocation.25% ;20% of the entire village allocation is earmarked for women and Youth Programmes to make sure profits of the scheme benefit all the section of the village voters.

This is a State Sponsored scheme for mobilizing VDB resources through an identical funding mechanism whereby the quantities that are being mobilized by the villagers are matched by the State. Every VDBs is anticipated to mobilized Rs. 5.00 lakhs, which incorporates a State contribution amounting to Rs. 2.5 Lakhs.

This is a Centrally Sponsored credit joined theme to implement financial gain generation Programmes within the villages. This scheme covers individual/Self facilitate teams. The funding within the variety of grant is joined to 500th of to project value with loans through financial organisation.

This is a Centrally Sponsored Empolyment Generation scheme implementated in consonance with the social control of the section four of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA). The scheme is funded on the idea of 90:10 between the Centre and also the State. The NREGS was launched in Mon district on 2nd February. ’06 and presently enforced within the entire District. The objectives of this scheme is

(i)         To offer a hundred days of guaranteed employment in year to each home within the rural areas notified by the Central Government below section 3(1) of the NREGA and whose adult member, by application, are willing to figure

(ii)        To produce durable assets in rural areas:

(iii)       To strengthen the livelihood security to the rural family as per the provision created within the guidelines.

The Programme of Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) has been enforced by the board of directors of below Developed areas until June ’07 that but transferred to Rural Development Deptt. By the State advisory board in its meeting held on 29-06-07. The Backward Region Grant Fund could be a cent percent sponsored programme. It’s designed to redress regional imbalances in development. The fund can offer monetary resources for supplementing and coverage existing development inflows into indentified District. This programme are going to be enforced within the designated District on constant line of the VDB Grant-in-Aid programme and so the fund meant for Rural Development of rural areas are going to be allotted to the VBDs on the basis of household. This fund are going to be discharged to VBDs saving accounts by District designing Committee (DPC/DRDA) some of the fund below the Programme are going to be allotted to the urban native bodies i.e. Municipal town Councils. Fund allocation between VDB and city Councils are going to be calculated on the idea of population as per 2001 Census.

To promote small funding Activities throughout 2004-05, the Department has designated twenty five VDBs as money Intermediaries as a pilot program. A Corpus Fund of Rs.1 lakhs was created through the contribution of VDBs, State Govt., Central Govt. and NABARD at the rate of 40:20:20:20. By experiencing the productive implementation of the pilot program, the Department had designated 406 VDBs throughout 2006-07; 2007-08 within the twenty one unbanked Blocks. Below small funding, the Corpus Fund of Rs. 2.40 lakhs had been created with the contribution of VDBs Rs. 40,000/- , State Govt. Rs.1.00,000/- and Govt. of Asian country Rs.1,00,000/- (yet to be released). This innovative venture can go an extended method in providing credit facilities to the agricultural individuals.

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY (NCE) CELL:

The NCE Cell headed by a Project Director below the directorate of Rural Development with Director Rural Development act because the administrative head, implements varied renewable energy programmes within the State.

(i)INTREGATED RURAL ENERGY PROGRAMME (IREP):

The Department has been implementing the IREP programme since the 8th set up. This can be a Centrally Sponsored scheme with the State Govt. providing the executive expenditure and also the Govt. of India funding the scheme element through grants. However, the programme has been re-casted from the year 2003-04 wherever the funding pattern currently on a 50:50 Centre: State basis. The programme is to showcase and supply basic energy demand for rural individuals like cookery, heating and lighting.

(ii) NATIONAL MANURE MANAGEMENT ANS BIOGAS DEVELOPEMNT:

Implementation of this theme within the State began throughout 1991-92. It’s a 100% Centrally Sponsored scheme. The Programme is predicated on the employment of bio-gas for production of Biogas for cooking and lighting purpose.

(iii) ENERGY PARK:

This is a replacement programme, geared toward popularizing the employment of Innovative and Renewable Sources of Energy System (NRSE). The Park is to be put in in major instructional establishments and different fashionable places to exhibit varied systems altogether the Districts.

(iv) COMMUNITY/INSTITUTIONAL BIOGAS PROGRAMME:

The programme was introduced within the State throughout 1997-98 and enforced as a100% CSS until 2003-04. a complete of twenty units are put in. Presently, it’s been transferred to the sate as per the look Commission’s call.

(v) Star THERMAL EXTENSION PROGRAMME (STEP):

The theme was introduced on experimental basis for fixing star Water heat. Below the programme, GoI provides five hundredth of the entire project value and remaining are to be borne by the State and by the beneficiaries.

(vi) BIOMASS GASIFIER PROJECT:

As a vicinity of the special incentive for north eastern States, this programme has been introduced within the state throughout 2000-2001 for active power generation. three  comes with a complete capability of 600 power unit (each of two a hundred power unit capacity) is being enforced within the State. Another four project with a complete capability of one hundred forty kilowatt are sanctioned.

(vii)NAGALAND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPEMNT AGENCY (NREDA):

In accordance with the directive received from the government of India, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources to ascertain an autonomous Nodal Agency for effective implementation of all the schemes beneath NRSE Sector. NREDA has been registered throughout the year 1999-2000 and is that the State Nodal Agency for implementation and observation of all renewable energy within the state. For the institution of the NREDA, the GOI sanctions as grant to the Agency for revenant and non-recurring expenditure.

(viii)DISTRICT advisory COMMITTEE (DAC):

According to the rules of the Ministry of Non- conventional Energy Sources, the District consultative Committee (DAC) has been shaped all told the Districts of the have. The Committee is to publicise data of Renewable Energy Devises; monitor and prepare the energy conceive to the agricultural individuals. The Ministry of Non- conventional Energy Sources, GOI sanctioned Rs.1.00 lakhs every to any or all District a token grant. The Deputy Commissioner is that the Chairman of DAC.

(ix)RAJIV GANDHI AKSHAY URJA DIWAS RENEWABLE ENERGY DAY:

Under the direction of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) GOI, Rajiv Gandhi Akshay Urja Diwas Renewable Day is being celebrated on the 20th Auguest, per annum all told the Districts of Nagaland. On at the present time. School children and college students hold rallies, essay and painting competition etc and unfold the message of renewable Energy and energy conservation. The Ministry has sanctioned Rs.1.50 lakhs to the complete District.

The National Rurban Mission (NRuM) follows the vision of development of a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with target equity and inclusiveness while not compromising with the facilities looked as if it would be primarily urban in nature, therefore making a cluster of “Rurban Villages”. With an objective to stimulate native economic development and enhance basic services, the Union cupboard chaired by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission in the year 2015. This formidable bid to remodel rural areas to economically, socially and physically property areas was launched by the Prime Minister in 2016.

Structure, relief and physiographic divisions

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Three Geological divisions:

  1. The peninsular block
  2. The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains
  3. Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain

 

  • Peninsualar block is made of gneisses (metamorphic) and granites (igneous).

Six physiographic divisions:

  1. The Northern and North-eastern Mountains
  2. The Northern Plain
  3. The Peninsular Plateau
  4. The Indian Desert
  5. The Coastal Plains
  6. The Islands

Northern and North-Eastern Mountains

Approximate length of the Great Himalayan range: 2500 KM. Width: 160-400 KM

Impact of Himalayas on the climate of India?

It can be divided into five sub-divisions:

  1. Kashmir (or Northwestern) Himalayas
  2. Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas
  3. Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas
  4. Arunachal Himalayas
  5. Eastern Hills and Mountains

Kashmir Himalayas

  • Ranges: Karakoram, Ladhakh, Zaskar, Pir Pinjal
  • Glaciers: Baltoro, Siachen
  • Passes: Zoji La (Great Himalayas), Banihal (Pir Pinjal), Photu La (Zaskar) and Khardung La (Ladakh)
  • Lakes: (freshwater) Dal and Wular; (saltwater) Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri
  • Pilgrimage: Vaishno Devi, Amarnath Cave, Charar-e-Sharif
  • They are also famous for Karewa formations which are useful for the cultivation of Zafran (a local variety of Saffron). Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines.
  • Kashmir is located on the banks of Jhelum river.
  • Meanders is a typical feature associated with the rivers in this region.
  • In South, there are longitudinal valleys called duns; Jammu dun and Pathankot dun

 

Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas

  • Lies between rivers Ravi and Kali
  • Drained by two major river systems: Indus and Ganga
  • Northernmost part is an extension of the Ladakh desert, lies in Spiti.
  • Ranges: Great Himalayan Range, Lesser Himalayas (Dhaoladhar in HP and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand), Shivalik range
  • Pilgrimage: Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib and the five famous prayags (Refer to Panch Prayag)
  • Famous for hill stations: Dharamshala, Mussoorie, Shimla, Kaosani; Cantt.: Kasauli, Almora, Lansdowne, Ranikhet
  • The important distinguishing features of this area are the ‘Shivalik’ and ‘Dun formations’.
  • Important duns: Chandigarh-Kalka, Nalagarh, Dehra, Harike, Kota
  • Dehradun is the largest of all duns: Length – 35-45 KM, Width: 22-25 KM
  • Inhabited with the Bhotia They migrate to higher reaches (Bugyals) in summer and return to the valleys during winters.

 

Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas

  • Between Nepal Himalayas and Bhutan Himalayas.
  • Fast flowing rivers such as Tista
  • Peaks: Kanchenjunga
  • Tribe: Lepcha
  • Has a mixed population of Nepalis, Bengalis and tribals from Central India.
  • Importance: Due to the moderate slope, it is best suited for tea plantations. <India produces about 26 pc of tea in the world; second after China. Also, accounts for 12 pc of tea exports; fourth in the world.>
  • Duar formations are peculiar to this region.

 

Arunachal Himalayas

  • From Bhutan Himalayas to Diphu pass in the east.
  • Direction: Southwest to Northeast
  • Peaks: Kangtu and Namya Barwa
  • Rivers: Brahmaputra, Kameng, Subansiri, Dihang, Dibang and Lohit.
  • These rivers are perennial and have the highest hydro-electric power potential in the country.
  • Tribes: Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and Nagas
  • These communities practice shifting cultivation known as Jhumming.

 

Eastern Hills and Mountains

  • Direction: North to South
  • Ranges: Patkai Bum, Naga hills, Manipur hills, Mizo or Lushai hills
  • These are low hills
  • Tribes practice Jhum cultivation
  • Rivers: Barak. Most of the Nagaland rivers form a tributary of Brahmaputra. Rivers in eastern Manipur are the tributaries of Chindwin, which in turn is a tributary of the Irrawady of Myanmar.
  • Lake: Loktak
  • Loktak Lake: is an important lake in Manipur which is surrounded by mountains on all sides. It is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India. Also called the only Floating Lake in the world due to floating masses of organic matter on it. It serves as a source for hydropower generation, irrigation and drinking water supply.
  • Keibul Kamjao National Park located in the Bishnupur district of Manipur is the only floating park in the world and is an integral part of the Loktak Lake. Home to the endangered Manipur Eld’s Deer or Brow-antlered Deer or Sangai or Dancing Deer.
  • Mizoram is also known as the ‘Molassis basin’ which is made up of soft unconsolidated deposits.

The Northern Plains

  • Formed by the alluvial deposits of rivers – Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
  • Length: 3200 KM; Width: 150-300 KM

Three main zones:

  1. Bhabar
  2. Tarai
  3. Alluvial Plains (Khadar and Bangar)

Bhabar

  • Narrow belt. 8-10 KM wide.
  • Paralllel to Shivalik at the break-up of the slope. Hence, streams and rivers deposit heavy rocks (and at times disappear) in this zone.

Tarai

  • South of Bhabar. 10-20 KM wide.
  • Rivers re-emerge and create marshy and swampy conditions known as Tarai.

Alluvial Belt

  • South of Tarai.
  • Features of mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, ox-bow lakes and braided channels. Riverine islands in Brahmaputra.
  • Brahmaputra takes a turn an almost 90 degree turn at Dhubri (Assam) before entering Bangladesh.

 

Peninsular Plateau

  • Bounded by the Delhi ridge, Rajmahal Hills, Gir range and Cardamom hills.
  • Made up of a series of patland plateaus: Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Malwa, Coimbatore, Karnataka etc.
  • One of the oldest and most stable landmass of India.
  • Physiographic Features: Tors, block mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, hummocky hills and quartzite dykes offering natural sites for water storage.
  • Black soil in western and northwestern parts.
  • Bhima fault in this region has frequent seismic activity (Lathur earthquake)
  • NW part also has ravines and gorges: Chambal, Bhind and Morena.

Three broad regions:

  1. Deccan Plateau
  2. Central Highlands
  3. Northwestern Plateau

Deccan Plateau

  • Bordered by Eastern Ghats, Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills
  • Important ranges: WG: Sahyadri, Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Caradamom hills; EG: Javadi hills, Palconda range, Nallamala Hills, Mahendragiri hills
  • EG and WG meet at Nilgiri hills.
  • Highest peak: Anaimudi (2695 m) on Anaimalai hills; Dodabetta (2637 m) on Nilgiri hills.
  • Rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc.

Central Highlands

  • Bounded by the Aravali and Satpura range.
  • Relic mountains, highly denuded and form discontinuous ranges.
  • Near Jaisalmer it is covered by the longitudinal sand ridges and crescent-shaped sand dunes called barchans.
  • Elevation: 700-1000 m
  • Banas, a tributary of Chambal, originates in the Aravalli. Other tributaries of Yamuna originate from the Vindhyan and Kaimur ranges.
  • Minerals in Chotanagpur plateau.

 

Northeastern Plateau

  • Extension of the main Peninsular plateau.
  • Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau.
  • Megahalaya plateau: Garo hills, Khasi hills and Jaintia hills (named after the tribals inhabiting the region)
  • Rich in minerals like coal, iron, sillimanite, limestone and uranium.
  • Receives maximum rainfall from SW monsoon. Hence, Meghalaya plateau has a highly eroded surface. Cherrapuni and Myswarnam.

 

Indian Desert

  • Aka Marusthali
  • Northwest of the Aravali hills
  • Dotted with longitudinal dunes and barchans.
  • Low rainfall: >150 mm per year Low vegetation cover
  • Evidence that this area was under the sea during the Mesozoic era.
  • Features: mushroom rocks, shifting dunes and oasis.
  • Rivers are ephemeral: Luni. Brackish lakes. Inland drainage.

 

Coastal Plains

Two divisions:

  1. Western coastal plains
  2. Eastern Coastal Plains

Western Coastal Plains

  • Submerged coastal plain. Hence, a narrow belt. Narrow in middle and broader towards north and south.
  • Ports: Provides natural conditions for the development of ports and harbours due to submergence. Kandla, Mazagaon (Mumbai), JLN port Navha Sheva, Maramagao, Mangalore, Cochin etc.
  • Mumbai has the world’s largest natural harbour.
  • May be divided into: Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat, Konkan coast, Goan coast and Malabar coast.
  • Rivers don’t form delta.
  • Kayals (Backwaters): Found in the Malabar coast. Used for fishing and inland navigation. Every year Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala.

 

Eastern Coastal Plains

  • Broader
  • Emergent coast. Hence, less number of ports and harbours. Chennai, Vizag, Paradwip, Haldia.
  • Delta formation

The Islands

Two major Divisions:

  1. Andaman and Nicobar
  2. Lakshwadeep & Minicoy

 

Andaman and Nicobar

  • Two major island groups: Ritchie’s archipelago and the Labrynth island.
  • The group is divided into: Andaman in the North and Nicobar in the South.
  • Andaman and Nicobar separated by the Ten Degree channel.
  • Barren Island
  • Peaks: Saddle Peak (N.Andaman – 738 m), Mt. Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515 m), Mt. Koyob (S Andaman – 460 m) and Mt. Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642 m)
  • Coral deposits found
  • Convectional rainfalls and equatorial type of vegetation.

Lakshadweep and Minicoy

  • Entire group built of coral deposits.
  • Total of 36 islands of which 11 are inhabited.
  • Smallest UT
  • Minicoy is the largest island
  • Separated by the 9 Degree Channel, north of which is the Amini Island and to the south Canannore island.
  • These islands have storm beaches consisting of unconsolidated pebbles, shingles, cobbles and boulders.