monsoon climate

Nagaland Public Finance and fiscal Policy

by

Nagaland Public Finance and fiscal Policy

Nagaland is one amongst the north-eastern states in India. It’s bordered on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly referred to as Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one of India’s smallest states, with an entire space of 16,579 sq kilometre. The Naga Hills run through this small state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of regarding 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji ar the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly sylvan, and cut by deep watercourse valleys. There’s a decent type of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with sometimes high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 mm (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland has a legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha and one to the Lok Sabha. There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

The state is found between the 93°20′ E and 95°15′ E Longitudes and 25°6′ and 27°4′ N Latitudes. The total space lined by the state is 16,579 sq. kilometer. Nagaland was declared the sixteenth state of the country of India on 1 December 1963. Before this, Nagaland accustomed could be a union territory. The other attention-grabbing knowledge concerning Nagaland is that it homes as many as sixteen entirely completely different ethnic groups. These groups of people have their own separate cultural identities that embrace customs, dresses and languages. Nearly ninety make the most the population of Nagaland is devout Christians. The state collectively options considerable Hindu individuals. Kohima, the capital town of the state, options a variety of websites that ought to be visited by the tourists as a result of it will facilitate them in getting an insight of the rich history place. The name ‘Kohima’ has been derived from the name of a plant referred to as ‘Kew Hi’ that thrives inside the mountainous region. Kohima could be a fascinating place, endued with scores of natural beauty.Nagaland Public Finance and fiscal Policy

PUBLIC FINANCE

With a slender tax base, the State depends on central transfers for its finances since Statehood. Post the fourteenth finance commission recommendations; the State total receipt throughout 2016-2017 (B.E) is anticipated to extend by 15 per cent. Consequently, the State’s business enterprise deficit is calculable to fall inside the 3 per cent business enterprise deficit target as set underneath Nagaland business enterprise Responsibility & Budget Management Act. But a problem of concern is that the State’s total liability that is calculable to stay at 43.77 per cent of GSDP as against the Medium Term economic policy Statement target of 32.15 per cent in 2016-17. Total Receipts of the State

The full receipts of the authorities comprise of the revenue receipts and also the capital receipts. Throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the full receipts of the authorities is calculable to grow by 15 per cent raising the full receipt to Rs.13,870.98 crore from Rs.12,060.99 crore in 2015-16 (R.E). Element wise, throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the share of revenue receipts and capital receipts within the total receipts was seventy 6.19 per cent and 23.81 per cent severally.

State tax income receipt contains of State’s own tax income receipts and share of central tax transfers. State own tax income includes receipts from land revenue, stamp duties and registration, sales tax/VAT, skilled tax, tax on cars, State excise etc. Among the various classes of State’s own taxes; VAT, skilled tax and tax on vehicles contribute the most quantity to State own tax income. Throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the full quantity of tax income is calculable to extend to Rs. 3531.62 crore from Rs. 2985.93 crore in 2015-16 (R.E). As share of total revenue receipts, total tax income account for 33.20 per cent throughout 2015-16 (R.E) and 34.42 per cent throughout 2016-17 (B.E).

The non-tax revenue contains of interest receipts, revenue from administration, State lottery, power, facility, housing, forestry and life and road transport. Within the State, underneath non tax income, the main contribution comes from Power Department. Throughout 2016-17 (B.E) the full non-tax revenue is calculable to extend to Rs. 261.59 crore from Rs. 237.82 crore in 2015-16 (R.E).

State’s own revenue (including tax and non-tax) receipts (SORR) that was Rs. 536.83 crore throughout 2011-12 raised to Rs. 659.22 crore throughout 2014-15. Throughout 2016-17(B.E) the SORR is calculable to additional increase to Rs.776.90 crore. As against absolutely the increase in SORR, the percentage share of the State’s own revenue receipts (i,e. tax and non-tax revenue) to total revenue receipts swayback from 9.61 per cent in 2011-12 to 7.35 per cent in 2016-17 (B.E).

Nagaland gross fiscal deficit soared from Rs 1 Billion in 1991-92 to Rs 11.6 Billion within the fiscal year (FY) 2015-2016 as per the info discharged by reserve bank of India (RBI) on Saturday.

According to the reference book of Statistics of run 1st released in 2016, the number is that the highest business enterprise deficit in sixteen years of Nagaland state since 1991 and State had just one surplus fiscal year in 2003-04.

However, as per the advance budget estimate, the business enterprise deficit is anticipated to decrease to Rs 5.4 billion (Rs 5,400 billion) in FY 2016-17. Overall, the second edition of RBI’s applied math publication titled ‘Handbook of Statistics on States 2016-17’ rumored a hike within the gross business enterprise deficit of all the states of India, surging from a Rs 187.9 billion in FY 1991 to Rs 4,495.2 billion in FY a 2016.

The State with the very best deficit was Rajasthan at Rs 673.5 billion followed by Uttar Pradesh at Rs 643.2 billion. The Gross fiscal Deficit (GFD) shows the surplus of total expenditure together with loans internet of recovery over revenue receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts.

The rise in fiscal deficit is additionally indicative of 2 deteriorating state of affairs within the economy growing revenue deficit moreover outstanding liabilities.

With the enactment of a fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM) Act, 2005 at the centre, the Twelfth Finance Commission (XII FC) suggested that every State enact a fiscal responsibility legislation prescribing specific annual targets with a read to eliminate the Revenue Deficit by 2008-09 and scale back financial Deficit supported a path for reduction of borrowings and guarantees. The State of Nagaland enacted Nagaland financial Responsibility and Budget Management (NFRBM) Act in 2005. The targets prescribed in NFRBM Act and projections created by government in its Medium Term fiscal policy Statement (MTFPS), targets planned within the Budget, Fourteenth Finance Commission (XIV FC) targets for the State vis-a-vis achievements throughout the year 2014-15

Nagaland gross fiscal deficit soared from Rs 1 Billion in 1991-92 to Rs 11.6 Billion within the fiscal year (FY) 2015-2016 as per the information discharged by reserve bank of India (RBI) on Saturday.

According to RBI, the reference work of Statistics initial discharged in 2016, it’s the best fiscal deficit in 16 years of Nagaland state since 1991 and State had only 1 surplus fiscal year in 2003-04.

However, as per the advance budget estimate, the financial deficit is predicted to decrease to Rs 5.4 billion in FY2016-17. Overall, the second edition of RBI’s statistical publication titled ‘Handbook of Statistics on States 2016-17’ according a hike within the gross fiscal deficit of all the states of India, surging from a Rs 187.9 billion in FY 1991 to Rs 4,495.2 billion in FY2016.

The State with the best deficit was Rajasthan at Rs 673.5 billion followed by Uttar Pradesh at Rs 643.2 billion. The Gross fiscal Deficit (GFD) shows the surplus of total expenditure together with loans internet of recovery over revenue receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts.

The rise in financial deficit is additionally indicative of 2 deteriorating state of affairs within the economy growing revenue deficit moreover outstanding liabilities. (UNI)

In Nagaland’s 2015-16 budget, one amongst the best contributors to the state’s increase in revenue on the capital account are internal debt. The inner debt of the state is predicted to extend by quite 55th from the revised estimates of 2014-15. The government is predicted to lift the aforesaid quantity from enhanced market borrowings to the tune of Rs. 480 crores and ways that and suggests that advances from the tally to the tune of Rs. 626 crores of rupees. The exaggerated borrowings can presumably place a pressure on the debt service burden within the future. However, the increased GSDP, to the tune of quite terrorist organization, is predicted to cut back the consolidated debt as a printed of GSDP to 35.4% from 4.5%. Thus the importance of economic process once more props its head within the budget numbers. To confirm that the amount of debt square measure property within the end of the day there’s a requirement to confirm that the divisor, particularly GSDP should increase moreover. The fiscal deficit is predicted to be 4.91% of the GSDP. Reduction in financial deficit that has been envisaged by the XIV Finance Commission to sub third levels would require our state to renew its target revenue generation. For this purpose it’s necessary that we glance at newer sources of tax income. It’s going to be pertinent to say the expertise of Mizoram that gathered over Rs.7.23 crores at intervals an area of underneath three months. The enacting of the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition & management Act, 2014 when a. associate degree sophisticated dialogue on the difficulty of prohibition in our state should be conducted so it’ll provide some respite to the cash stripped Nagaland government.

The main feature of our revenue performance is that the increase of quite two hundredth in own tax income compared to RE 2014-15 and budgeted at Rs. 434.46 crores. Together with this increase there has been a decrease in non-tax revenue by 27th and is budgeted to be at Rs. 360.48. The revenue deficit is budgeted to be 125th of GSDP.

Another feature that’s noteworthy is that the slow however steady increase in interest payments created by our government. It exaggerated from the particular figure of Rs. 450.6cr in 2013-14 to the budgeted to Rs. 661.42cr in 2015-16. As mentioned earlier it’s vital that there’s a combined effort to cut back the interest burden on the govt. in an exceedingly comprehensive manner. No budget discussion in Nagaland is complete while not a reference or an examination of the position or otherwise of the role competes by central transfers. It’s been budgeted that there’ll be a rise (compared to RE 2014-15) within the transfers from the centre to Rs. 8227 cr. this is often simply over 37.0% of the anticipated increase in GSDP.

.

NAGALAND TRADE AND COMMERCE

by

NAGALAND TRADE AND COMMERCE

Nagaland is one among the north-eastern states in India. It’s deckled on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly called Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one among India’s smallest states, with a complete area of 16,579 sq kilometres. The Naga Hills run through this tiny state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of concerning 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji are the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly wooded, and cut by deep river valleys. There’s a good variety of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with usually high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 millimeter (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland features a single-chamber legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and one to the Lok Sabha (Lower House). There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

The state is found between the 93°20′ E and 95°15′ E Longitudes and 25°6′ and 27°4′ N Latitudes. The whole area lined by the state is 16,579 sq. kilometer. Nagaland was declared the sixteenth state of the country of India on 1 December 1963. Before this, Nagaland accustomed is a union territory. The opposite attention-grabbing data about Nagaland is that it homes as several as sixteen totally different ethnic groups. These groups of individuals have their own separate cultural identities that embrace customs, dresses and languages. Nearly 90th of the population of Nagaland is devout Christians. The state conjointly features a substantial Hindu people. Kohima, the capital city of the state, features a range of sites that should be visited by the tourists because it can facilitate them in obtaining an insight of the wealthy history place. The name ‘Kohima’ has been derived from the name of a plant known as ‘Kew Hi’ that thrives within the mountainous region. Kohima is a fascinating place, blessed with lots of natural beauty.

Nagaland has created tremendous progress throughout the last forty seven years of its Statehood. Our acquirement level, nowadays standing above 70th, is above the Indian national average. Our growth in agriculture sector, particularly within the previous few years, has even stunned us. a fast inspect the gross domestic product of the State show that the State’s economy has been registered a healthy growth of regarding 15 August 1945. Such tremendous growth in agriculture sector needs corresponding entrepreneurial intervention to require advantage of the potentials, and switch them into economic opportunities.

Nagaland may be a veritable botanical garden. Nagaland already has 3 entries within the Guinness Book of World records, namely, the hottest chilly, the tallest rice plant, and also the tallest rhododendron tree.

There are tremendous will increase in different farming product, that ar essentially organic and chemical free. Horticulture is another rising commercial enterprise within the State. Our flower production has crossed 1.6 million stems of prime quality flowers like anthurium, rose and lilium. Higher production levels are simply possible.

Our wealthy natural resource still lies mostly untapped. The exploration and exploitation of oil have simply begun. However, the mountains of chemical grade sedimentary rock, the large reserves of coal, marble and ornamental stones, beside the magnetite of nickel-cobalt-chromium, are nevertheless to search out takers for his or her business exploitation.

Nagaland conjointly includes a big selection of assorted species of bees like rock bees, Apis cerena bees and also the Trigona/Melipona (Stingless) bees that are found each within the wild similarly as reared in homestead hives. The govt. has established the Nagaland beekeeping and Honey Mission with the main focus of drawing up a roadmap for promotion and development of honey. The government set targets of achieving honey production of 5000 MT by 2020.

Nagaland is wealthy in forest produces like timber, cane and bamboo. most the vacant fallow lands are being quickly lined with numerous high price timber varieties because the individuals have totally realised the business and ecological importance of forests. Nagaland has been a significant exporter of round logs, veneers, plywood and sawn timber to the remainder of the country. Bamboo is another of Nagaland’s wealthy resource. numerous technologies for wood substitution within the kinds of construction, bamboo charcoal and different composite materials and product are being developed. nice opportunities ar rising during this sector, particularly within the scenery of world warming and global climate change. Our target for bamboo cultivation is 50,000 hectares within the next 5 years. The wide scale tree plantation, speedy renewal and in depth bamboo cultivation conjointly unveil another scope for Industrial homes to appear into tangible Carbon trading opportunities.

Nagaland is tailor created for tourism. The scenic fantastic thing about the abundant hills, choked with exotic flora and fauna, the picturesque landscapes and also the vibrant tribal culture makes for breathless experiences. There are immense potentials for eco-tourism, journey business enterprise, cultural business enterprise, as conjointly the scope for fitting of Hotels, Resorts, Air Taxi Service, tour operations and so on. The govt. of India’s call to remove the “Protected space Permit” system for Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram early this year can surely offer a much-needed impetus to the tourism industry.

Traditional crafts of Nagaland are distinctive in style reflective the Naga people’s love of art and craft and have widespread attractiveness and demand within the domestic similarly as offshore markets. There’s substantial scope for growth during this sector.

Poor infrastructure, subsistence economy, social turmoil, insurgency and a setting of concern mental disease had engulfed our individuals for many decades. Despite these constraints, our youth have stood out as shining samples of success whenever windows of chance are opened to them. With the quick spreading telecommunication network and data superhighway erasing most physical boundaries, and extremely literate youth with a progressive outlook, fluent in English and IT savvy, Nagaland has abundant to supply.

The state has considerable resources of natural minerals, oil and hydropower. it’s untapped reserves of around 600 million metric tonnes (MT) of petroleum and more than 20 MT of hydrocarbon. Moreover, the state has 315 MT of coal reserves and 1,038 MT of limestone reserves. Nagaland’s calculable hydropower generation potential is one, 574 megawatt (MW), whereas the state includes a total put in power generation capability of 140 MW.

The agro-climatic conditions in Nagaland offer industrial opportunities for flower gardening and horticulture. The state has 650 native species of meditative and aromatic plants. The state is calculable to possess the potential to supply 15,000 MT of honey and 100 MT of wax, that along might generate around US$ 100 million annually. Moreover, the production of honey throughout 2015-16 was recorded to be 0.43 thousand tonnes.

Bamboo is found extensively in Nagaland, with bamboo growing stock covering nearly 5 per cent of the entire stock within the country. Throughout 2015-16, production of raw silk within the state of Nagaland stood at around 631 MT. Moreover, from April-August, 2016, the raw silk production within the state was 218 MT. The state aims to extend its silk production to 1,700 MT, over the 12th Five-Year arrange amount.

The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Nagaland was concerning US$ 3.47 billion in 2015-16, increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 9.33 per cent between 2004-05 and 2015-16. Agriculture and allied sector contribution to the economic output stood at 20 per cent and expected to achieve 28 per cent by 2025. About seventy one per cent of the state’s population is engaged in farming.

The state provides institutional support through numerous central and regime agencies viz., North East Council, Ministry of Development of North eastern Region and Nagaland Industrial Development Council.

The state offers wonderful policy and monetary incentives for agro-based and forest-based industries, husbandry, food process, mining, tourism, and also the handlooms and handicrafts sectors. Industrial centres and special economic zones (SEZs) are being developed to reinforce the marketability of product.

According to the DIPP, cumulative FDI inflows to the North-eastern states, throughout April 2000 to March 2016, stood at US$ 94 million.

Nagaland schemes and projects

by

Nagaland schemes and projects

Nagaland is one among the north-eastern states in India. It’s deckled on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly called Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one among India’s smallest states, with a complete area of 16,579 sq kilometres. The Naga Hills run through this tiny state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of concerning 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji are the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly wooded, and cut by deep river valleys. There’s a good variety of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with usually high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 millimeter (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland features a single-chamber legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and one to the Lok Sabha (Lower House). There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

These are Centrally Sponsored scheme for provision of housing to the rural poor. Village development board VDB –Wise allocation are created to the VDBs. choice of beneficiaries are created by the VDBs on the factors of BPL and poorest of the poor being given the preference. The beneficiaries undertake construction of homes with community help.

This is a State Sponsored scheme whereby family allocations are provided for the VDBs develop infrastructure and implement financial gain generation activities. Schemes are designated by the VDBs, supported the quantum of the village allocation.25% ;20% of the entire village allocation is earmarked for women and Youth Programmes to make sure profits of the scheme benefit all the section of the village voters.

This is a State Sponsored scheme for mobilizing VDB resources through an identical funding mechanism whereby the quantities that are being mobilized by the villagers are matched by the State. Every VDBs is anticipated to mobilized Rs. 5.00 lakhs, which incorporates a State contribution amounting to Rs. 2.5 Lakhs.

This is a Centrally Sponsored credit joined theme to implement financial gain generation Programmes within the villages. This scheme covers individual/Self facilitate teams. The funding within the variety of grant is joined to 500th of to project value with loans through financial organisation.

This is a Centrally Sponsored Empolyment Generation scheme implementated in consonance with the social control of the section four of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA). The scheme is funded on the idea of 90:10 between the Centre and also the State. The NREGS was launched in Mon district on 2nd February. ’06 and presently enforced within the entire District. The objectives of this scheme is

(i)         To offer a hundred days of guaranteed employment in year to each home within the rural areas notified by the Central Government below section 3(1) of the NREGA and whose adult member, by application, are willing to figure

(ii)        To produce durable assets in rural areas:

(iii)       To strengthen the livelihood security to the rural family as per the provision created within the guidelines.

The Programme of Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) has been enforced by the board of directors of below Developed areas until June ’07 that but transferred to Rural Development Deptt. By the State advisory board in its meeting held on 29-06-07. The Backward Region Grant Fund could be a cent percent sponsored programme. It’s designed to redress regional imbalances in development. The fund can offer monetary resources for supplementing and coverage existing development inflows into indentified District. This programme are going to be enforced within the designated District on constant line of the VDB Grant-in-Aid programme and so the fund meant for Rural Development of rural areas are going to be allotted to the VBDs on the basis of household. This fund are going to be discharged to VBDs saving accounts by District designing Committee (DPC/DRDA) some of the fund below the Programme are going to be allotted to the urban native bodies i.e. Municipal town Councils. Fund allocation between VDB and city Councils are going to be calculated on the idea of population as per 2001 Census.

To promote small funding Activities throughout 2004-05, the Department has designated twenty five VDBs as money Intermediaries as a pilot program. A Corpus Fund of Rs.1 lakhs was created through the contribution of VDBs, State Govt., Central Govt. and NABARD at the rate of 40:20:20:20. By experiencing the productive implementation of the pilot program, the Department had designated 406 VDBs throughout 2006-07; 2007-08 within the twenty one unbanked Blocks. Below small funding, the Corpus Fund of Rs. 2.40 lakhs had been created with the contribution of VDBs Rs. 40,000/- , State Govt. Rs.1.00,000/- and Govt. of Asian country Rs.1,00,000/- (yet to be released). This innovative venture can go an extended method in providing credit facilities to the agricultural individuals.

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY (NCE) CELL:

The NCE Cell headed by a Project Director below the directorate of Rural Development with Director Rural Development act because the administrative head, implements varied renewable energy programmes within the State.

(i)INTREGATED RURAL ENERGY PROGRAMME (IREP):

The Department has been implementing the IREP programme since the 8th set up. This can be a Centrally Sponsored scheme with the State Govt. providing the executive expenditure and also the Govt. of India funding the scheme element through grants. However, the programme has been re-casted from the year 2003-04 wherever the funding pattern currently on a 50:50 Centre: State basis. The programme is to showcase and supply basic energy demand for rural individuals like cookery, heating and lighting.

(ii) NATIONAL MANURE MANAGEMENT ANS BIOGAS DEVELOPEMNT:

Implementation of this theme within the State began throughout 1991-92. It’s a 100% Centrally Sponsored scheme. The Programme is predicated on the employment of bio-gas for production of Biogas for cooking and lighting purpose.

(iii) ENERGY PARK:

This is a replacement programme, geared toward popularizing the employment of Innovative and Renewable Sources of Energy System (NRSE). The Park is to be put in in major instructional establishments and different fashionable places to exhibit varied systems altogether the Districts.

(iv) COMMUNITY/INSTITUTIONAL BIOGAS PROGRAMME:

The programme was introduced within the State throughout 1997-98 and enforced as a100% CSS until 2003-04. a complete of twenty units are put in. Presently, it’s been transferred to the sate as per the look Commission’s call.

(v) Star THERMAL EXTENSION PROGRAMME (STEP):

The theme was introduced on experimental basis for fixing star Water heat. Below the programme, GoI provides five hundredth of the entire project value and remaining are to be borne by the State and by the beneficiaries.

(vi) BIOMASS GASIFIER PROJECT:

As a vicinity of the special incentive for north eastern States, this programme has been introduced within the state throughout 2000-2001 for active power generation. three  comes with a complete capability of 600 power unit (each of two a hundred power unit capacity) is being enforced within the State. Another four project with a complete capability of one hundred forty kilowatt are sanctioned.

(vii)NAGALAND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPEMNT AGENCY (NREDA):

In accordance with the directive received from the government of India, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources to ascertain an autonomous Nodal Agency for effective implementation of all the schemes beneath NRSE Sector. NREDA has been registered throughout the year 1999-2000 and is that the State Nodal Agency for implementation and observation of all renewable energy within the state. For the institution of the NREDA, the GOI sanctions as grant to the Agency for revenant and non-recurring expenditure.

(viii)DISTRICT advisory COMMITTEE (DAC):

According to the rules of the Ministry of Non- conventional Energy Sources, the District consultative Committee (DAC) has been shaped all told the Districts of the have. The Committee is to publicise data of Renewable Energy Devises; monitor and prepare the energy conceive to the agricultural individuals. The Ministry of Non- conventional Energy Sources, GOI sanctioned Rs.1.00 lakhs every to any or all District a token grant. The Deputy Commissioner is that the Chairman of DAC.

(ix)RAJIV GANDHI AKSHAY URJA DIWAS RENEWABLE ENERGY DAY:

Under the direction of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) GOI, Rajiv Gandhi Akshay Urja Diwas Renewable Day is being celebrated on the 20th Auguest, per annum all told the Districts of Nagaland. On at the present time. School children and college students hold rallies, essay and painting competition etc and unfold the message of renewable Energy and energy conservation. The Ministry has sanctioned Rs.1.50 lakhs to the complete District.

The National Rurban Mission (NRuM) follows the vision of development of a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with target equity and inclusiveness while not compromising with the facilities looked as if it would be primarily urban in nature, therefore making a cluster of “Rurban Villages”. With an objective to stimulate native economic development and enhance basic services, the Union cupboard chaired by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission in the year 2015. This formidable bid to remodel rural areas to economically, socially and physically property areas was launched by the Prime Minister in 2016.

Nagaland planned development

by

Nagaland planned development

Nagaland is one among the north-eastern states in India. It’s deckled on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly called Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one among India’s smallest states, with a complete area of 16,579 sq kilometer. The Naga Hills run through this tiny state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of concerning 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji are the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly wooded, and cut by deep river valleys. There’s a good variety of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with usually high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 millimeter (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland features a single-chamber legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and one to the Lok Sabha (Lower House). There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

The state is found between the 93°20′ E and 95°15′ E Longitudes and 25°6′ and 27°4′ N Latitudes. The whole area lined by the state is 16,579 sq. kilometer. Nagaland was declared the sixteenth state of the country of India on 1 December 1963. Before this, Nagaland accustomed is a union territory. The opposite attention-grabbing data about Nagaland is that it homes as several as sixteen totally different ethnic groups. These groups of individuals have their own separate cultural identities that embrace customs, dresses and languages. Nearly 90th of the population of Nagaland is devout Christians. The state conjointly features a substantial Hindu people. Kohima, the capital city of the state, features a range of sites that should be visited by the tourists because it can facilitate them in obtaining an insight of the wealthy history place. The name ‘Kohima’ has been derived from the name of a plant known as ‘Kew Hi’ that thrives within the mountainous region. Kohima is a fascinating place, blessed with lots of natural beauty.

Nagaland particularly, the requirement for infrastructure is important because of rough and mountainous areas on the one hand and sparsely inhabited areas on the opposite. Speedy provision of infrastructure and property becomes important for the economic development of the State.

Roadways

The set up for Integrated, Intensive and comprehensive Agriculture Clusters (IIIACs), urbanization and industrial enterprise in Vision 2030 are all projected to be situated on the ‘Approved’ and ‘Declared Highways’, the Nagaland expressway and also the Trans Frontier Nagaland highway . Thus, these proposals ought to be pursued and enforced with utmost urgency as there are instances of undue delay in implementation of some very important sanctioned comes.

The four-laning of AH1 to Moreh and development of highway property to International Trade centres (ITCs) at Longwa, Pangsha and Avangkhu are regular to be completed within the medium term plan. It’s expected that these can result in growth of the tertiary sector within the fields of IT, trade, hospitality, logistics, education, medical and tending sectors, power transmissions, transit, transport and monetary services. The movements of products and services and passengers to and fro from Nagaland to ASEAN and vice versa can actually create Nagaland the entryway to ASEAN.

Towards this finish, within the deliverables of 2030, the govt. can implement a 2 lane National highway network connecting all the districts. Priority specially are given within the next 5 years to develop the Nagaland expressway from Tizit to Khelma, the Trans-Eastern highway from Mon to Avangkhu and also the four lane highway from Dimapur to Moreh via Kohima (AH1), therefore giving concrete impetus to the Act East Policy.

Further, the road property inside the State are going to be boosted by property with Assam, Arunachal, Manipur, and last however not the smallest amount, the govt.’s priority in conjunction therewith of the Government of India to develop road linkages to Myanmar directly from the known ITCs.

Maintenance: excluding National Highways, the State has over 11000 kms of varied forms of vital roads, which connect districts to sub-divisions, villages and agriculture/ horticulture areas. These roads can need to be maintained by the State public works Department.

In the next 5 years, an amount of Rs. 300 crores each year are going to be needed as per the draft State Repair and Maintenance Policy 2016. Funding for a similar is planned to be from the NLCPR and NEC schemes, excluding States own resources which can need to be mobilized by the govt. for the roads sector.

Rail Network

In pursuit of multi-model connectivity, the set up for the railways is to attach Kohima with the remainder of the country by a railroad track railway line by 2020. The foothills of Nagaland are to be connected with a railway network from Tizit to Dimapur. To reinforce international property within the railways sector, the govt. can propose to create a railway line from Dhansripar in Dimapur district to Karong in Manipur which might logically connect with Moreh and touch lines with the network in Myanamr, thereby making the chance of concretizing the Trans-Asian Railway line by 2025.

Air Connectivity- Intra State Links

In the field of air property, the goals are going to be to shift this airport at Dimapur to Razaphema to accommodate the stress for commerce and product that may emerge because the economy gets developed on the envisaged vision. The new field can need to be created keeping in mind an infrastructure acceptable for a world field and may be in place by 2025, making a transportation hub for national and international carriers.

Net connectivity

In the digital era, web connectivity is crucial for communication particularly in unsmooth areas wherever travel is troublesome and costly. Besides assessing real time data on markets and costs, the NER generally and Nagaland specially are climatically compatible to plug into India’s growing IT commerce.

Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC) is accountable for the event of commercial infrastructure within the state.

Promoted by NIDC, the Export Promotion industrial park (EPIP) at Dimapur has received formal approval as a special economic zone (SEZ) for agro and food processing.

A planned multi-product SEZ unfold across four hundred hectares in Dimapur has received formal approval.

The following are a number of the main initiatives taken by the govt. to push Nagaland as an investment destination:

  • The government and Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation Ltd planned investment of around US$ 5.81 million in developing the SEZ.
  • The state has established varied MSME industrial clusters, primarily in Kohima, Wokha and Mokokchung districts.
  • The government has planned an outlay of around US$ 406.8 million for agriculture and allied sectors development throughout the 12th Five-Year plan.
  • To exploit the massive potential of hydropower generation within the villages, the New and Renewable Department of Energy of the govt. of Nagaland has known 21 possible sites for hydro comes at the small and mini levels.
  • The state aims to push tea plantations. In November 2013, Echahaba Tea Estate and its industrial plant at Merankong, close to Tuli city, were inaugurated. It’s the primary tea garden within the state to own its own industrial plant.

 

An Introduction to Nagaland Economy

by

An Introduction to Nagaland Economy

Nagaland is one among the north-eastern states in India. It’s deckled on its west and north by Assam, on its east by Myanmar (formerly called Burma), on its north by Arunachal Pradesh, and on its south by Manipur.

Nagaland is one among India’s smallest states, with a complete area of 16,579 sq kilometer (6400 sq mi). The Naga Hills run through this tiny state that has Saramati as its highest peak at a height of concerning 12,600 ft. Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji are the rivers that flow through this state. The piece of land is mountainous, thickly wooded, and cut by deep river valleys. There’s a good variety of plant and animal life. Nagaland features a monsoon climate with usually high humidity; rain averages between 1800 to 2500 millimeter (70 to 100 inches) a year.

Nagaland features a single-chamber legislative assembly with sixty seats. The state sends 2 members to the Indian Parliament: one to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and one to the Lok Sabha (Lower House). There are seven government body districts – Mokokchung, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, Phek and Kohima.

The state is found between the 93°20′ E and 95°15′ E Longitudes and 25°6′ and 27°4′ N Latitudes. The whole area lined by the state is 16,579 sq. kilometer. Nagaland was declared the sixteenth state of the country of India on 1 December 1963. Before this, Nagaland accustomed is a union territory. The opposite attention-grabbing data about Nagaland is that it homes as several as sixteen totally different ethnic groups. These groups of individuals have their own separate cultural identities that embrace customs, dresses and languages. Nearly 90 % of the population of Nagaland is devout Christians. The state conjointly features a substantial Hindu people. Kohima, the capital city of the state, features a range of sites that should be visited by the tourists because it can facilitate them in obtaining an insight of the wealthy history place. The name ‘Kohima’ has been derived from the name of a plant known as ‘Kew Hi’ that thrives within the mountainous region. Kohima is a fascinating place, blessed with lots of natural beauty.

Nagaland has primarily an agricultural economy. An excellent ambition of the inhabitant is to possess a bumper harvest. One among the vital motivation behind the practice of head-hunting within the past was the assumption that it might guarantee a decent harvest.

A remarkable feature of economy is that there are not any traveller landlords and there’s no category of landless peasants. The village is so organized that the fundamental demand of food, clothing and shelter are certain to all the members. The population as a whole stay gainfully used in productive activities and there’s no surplus labour. Throughout the Kheti season, it becomes tough to induce employed labour and if in the least they’re out there, terribly high wages have to be compelled to be paid. There is, however, a system of providing communal labour by forming what are known as ‘field companies’ of men and women of a similar age bracket. Each member of the corporate gets the advantages of company’s labour by flip.

The major supply of revenue for the govt till recently has been the house-tax. Currently it’s supplemented by the sale return of forest merchandise and tax of urban commodities.

In social group area like Nagaland, the obstacles to economic development usually arise out of the prevailing physical, social and economic conditions. The physical condition relate to the mountainous terrain, dense forests and tough communications. The social obstacles are the people’s initial apathy to any quite innovation, lack of education and primitive strategies of production. The economic difficulties are the dearth of capital, absence of promoting centres, and similar alternative factors. To those it may additionally add the political condition arising out of the subversive activities of the underground Nagas. A planned effort in yet being created to avoid these bottlenecks and develop the area. Preliminary investigation were meted out by the National Council of Applied Economic analysis, and this was followed by an in depth examination of the techno-economic information.

In education and road building, the progress has been extraordinary. The urge for education has nowadays replaced the recent looking for heads. A woman could refuse to marry an uneducated man within the same manner as, in the earlier days; she refused to just accept a partner who had not taken one head. Within the field of education Nagaland isn’t thus developed. Even if there are educated individuals, they like white-collar employment. They hesitate to require agriculture as occupation. Hence, government has got to take steps to seek out appropriate employment opportunities for them.

There were hardly any motorable roads within the Naga Hills until Independence. Now, the whole road length is concerning 9,315 km. Dimapur is that the solely place wherever rail and air services are accessible. In road-building, the efforts of the government are adequately supplemented by the border roads task force. The roads cut by the border roads, between Kohima and Meluri, Mokokchung and Tuensang and Akhegwo and Tuensang are feats of engineering ability.

There has been a considerable enlargement of medical and public health facilities. To beat the shortage of doctors, the government has been granting liberal stipends to students finding out medication.

Water supply schemes have conjointly been undertaken in order that the women folks don’t have to be compelled to walk long distances for this basic necessity of life.

Forests being a crucial supply of revenue, measures are initiated to develop them. Forests space is split into 3 classes: Reserved forests, protected forests and personal forests. The proportion of forest space to the whole surface area is about 33rd. The forest department has established wild life sanctuaries, zoological park, and facility, forest coaching colleges and a seasoning and treatment plant.

Electricity has currently reached the interior villages from where darkness has been displaced. Nagaland was the primary state within the North-east to attain 100% rural electrification by 1988.

A department of geology and mining has come upon. In depth and intensive mineral survey and investigation show an encouraging image of the mineral potential of the state. The necessary minerals embrace top-grade rock, coal, copper, chromium, slate, oil and gas etc.

Social welfare has not been neglected. Schemes for the care of the mentally and physically incapacitated area unit being enforced. Some vocational education centres are started.

Economy of Nagaland presents a number of sectors that put together generate revenue for this north-eastern state of India. Agriculture is that the mainstay of Nagaland. The maximum amount as 70th of the overall population of Nagaland is engaged in farming activities. Terrace and jhum cultivation are the two ways by that crops are full-grown within the state of Nagaland.

 

The water system industry of Nagaland is another major section of the state that contributes considerably towards the expansion of the economy. Availability of water to numerous agricultural and industrial corners of Nagaland plays a significant role in enhancing the economic stability of the state.

 

Livestock is another key economic issue of Nagaland which has work, farming, livestock farming, farm and poultry. There are several industrial units in Nagaland that offer a significant boost to the economic development of the state. The medium scale industries of Nagaland that generate large quantity of revenue are placed in varied components of the state.

 

The state has stock of minerals too like that of coal, gas, nickel, ornamental stones, marble, cobalt-chromium bearing iron ore, petroleum, and so on. The banks placed in Nagaland are legendary to be a significant assistant in the economic progress of the state. The commercial enterprise trade of Nagaland is counted mutually of the prime contributors of economic improvement of the place. This can be as a result of with its made natural treasure Nagaland attracts thousands of tourists at intervals its premises around the year.

 

There is no denying the very fact that economy of Nagaland is the symbol of the progressive and speedily growing part of the state.

 

Agriculture in Nagaland is taken into account a major source of revenue for the state. Economy of Nagaland gets a significant boost through the agricultural activities of the state. Terrace and jhum cultivation area unit wide practiced by the social group communities of Nagaland. The crops that have a high yield within the state of Nagaland embrace rice, tobacco, oilseeds, pulses, fibers, potato and sugarcane. The native individuals of Nagaland earn their living by growing variety of crops in their fields.

 

One of the most important reasons behind the flourishing agricultural economy of Nagaland is that the developed state of irrigation within the place. The water channels that are controlled by bamboo sticks offer unrestrained irrigation facilities to the crop fields of Nagaland. Excluding major crops the farmers of Nagaland additionally turn out plantation crops like coffee, tea and cardamom.

 

Potato and sugarcane are the 2 prime cash crops that generate revenue for the Nagaland economy. Then there are several vegetables that are full-grown by the peasants of Nagaland like that of carrots, chillies, onion, melon, spinach leaf, cucumber, brinjal, tomatoes and mustard. Sugarcane, maize, yams, potato, millet and arums are considered because the principal crops of Nagaland state. The farmers of Nagaland grow their crops on the premise of the rain conditions within the place. Having an agri-climatic condition Nagaland is thought to possess high yield.

 

Since agriculture contributes considerably towards the economy of Nagaland therefore the govt. of the state is taking major initiatives to develop this specific field. From seed farms to irrigation comes the govt. is exploit no stones unturned to encourage the Nagaland agriculture.

 

The development trade in Nagaland has provided an impetus to the economic process of this north eastern state of India. The proliferation of enormous scale and medium scale industries has helped to lift the quality of living of the native inhabitants of Nagaland.

 

Endowed with ideal infrastructure, Nagaland supports many industries. a number of the renowned industries of the north eastern state of Nagaland are:

  • Bamboo connected industries like paper mills, plyboard factories etc.
  • Cottage industries like spinning, weaving, cane works etc.
  • Sugar mills
  • Oil factories

Some of the leading industrial organizations, process and producing plants in Nagaland are:

  • Nagaland plyboard Factory- placed within the district of Mon, the Nagaland plyboard manufacturing plant produces good quality plyboard
  • Nagaland Pulp and Paper Company restricted- The Nagaland Pulp and Paper Company Limited were supported in the year of 1971. Placed within the Mokokchung district of Nagaland, the corporate is known for rolling out glorious quality paper
  • Pineapple Fibre Plant- in the Baghty village of Wokha district of Nagaland, the Pineapple Fibre Plant is meant for manufacturing pineapple fibres.
  • Citronella Oil Industries- the Citronella Oil Industries is settled within the Mongsuyuyumi village of Mokokchung district of Nagaland. The trade is known for manufacturing Citronella oil
  • Nagaland Sugar Mill Company restricted- Nagaland Sugar Mill Company Limited was founded in the year of 1973. Settled in Dimapur of the district of Kohima, Nagaland Sugar Mill Company restricted is a renowned Public Sector of the state that produces sensible quality sugar
  • Fruit and Vegetable process Plant- the Fruit and Vegetable process Plant is supplied with all the fashionable machineries for process food
  • Mechanized Brick Plant- settled within the Tolumi village of Dimapur in Nagaland, the Mechanized Brick Plant is known for producing burnt bricks

The economy of Nagaland has received a lift from the event of many industries.

 

The commercial enterprise trade in Nagaland has vastly contributed to the economic strengthening of the north eastern state of India. The tourism trade of Nagaland helps the state to earn huge revenues.
Nagaland has several places of traveller interests that attract visitors throughout the year. A number of the notable traveller destinations of Nagaland are:

  • Japfu Peak- situated at an altitude of 130 foot, Japfu Peak offers the tourists with a beautiful chance to get pleasure from the natural splendor of the region
  • World war II burying ground- the world War II Cemetery of Nagaland reminds one among the fearless Indian and British soldier who fought with the Japanese troops throughout the Second World War
  • Kohima Village- Kohima Village offers the traveller with a novel scope to expertise the made ancient heritage of the state of Nagaland

The different social group cultural traditions of Nagaland create the north eastern state of India a lot of vibrant and enticing to tourists. The distinctive social customs and non secular ceremonies of the aboriginal tribes of Nagaland attract many tourists who are excited with the distinctive ancient heritage of the region that has percolated to the modern era from the traditional times.

Climate of Nagaland for Nagaland PSC

by

Climate of Nagaland

  • Nagaland, the 16th State of the Indian Union, came into being on 1st. December, 1963.
  • Nagaland with a geographical area of about 16,579 Sq. Km. lies between 25°60‟ and 27°40‟ North latitude and 93°20‟ and 95°15‟ East longitude.
  • The state is bounded by Assam in the North and West, by Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh in the East and by Manipur in the South.
  • Nagaland, being one of the “eight Sisters” commonly called as the North-Eastern Region including Sikkim*, is a land of lush green forests, rolling mountains, enchanting valleys, swift flowing streams and of beautiful landscape.

Temperature and Rainfall Aspects of Climate of Nagaland

  • Climate of Nagaland has a monsoon climate. The state enjoys a salubrious climate. Annual rainfall ranges around 70–100 inches (1,800–2,500 mm), concentrated in the months of May to September.
  • Temperatures range from 70°F (21°C) to 104°F (40°C). In winter, temperatures do not generally drop below 39°F (4 °C), but frost is common at high elevations.
  • Summer is the shortest season in the state that lasts only for a few months.
  • The temperature during the summer season remains between 16°C (61°F) to 31°C (88 °F). Winter makes an early arrival and bitter cold and dry weather strikes certain regions of the state.
  • The maximum average temperature recorded in the winter season is 24°C (75°F).
  • Strong north-west winds blow across the state during the months of February and March.
  • The Climate of Nagaland in general is controlled by its terrain features.
  • It is hot to warm subtropical in areas with elevations of 1000 to 1200 m.
  • The Climate of Nagaland environment is warm sub temperate in areas with elevations of 1200 m and above.
  • The Climate of Nagaland as such is typical of a tropical country with heavy rainfall. Most of the heavy rainfall occurs during four months i.e. June to September.
  • The rain during April to May is low.
  • The temperature varies from 0°C in winter to about 40°C in summer depending on elevation.
  • The average annual temperature ranges from 18°C to 20°C and 23°C to 25°C in the higher and lower elevations, respectively.

Classification of Climate of Nagaland based on Koppen-Geiger

Classification Count Köppen-Geiger Examples
Humid subtropical climate 47 Cwa Kohima, Mon, Wakching, Longching,

Longleng
Subtropical highland oceanic climate 11 Cwb Tuensang, Chintang, Saddle, Shamator, Zunheboto,Fakim
Humid subtropical climate 5 Cfa Dimapur, Naganimora, Naginimora, Barjan, Tuli

 

Agro-Climatic Zone of Climate of Nagaland

  • The Climate of Nagaland to a large extent is controlled by its undulating topographical terrain features.
  • It is hot to warm sub-tropical in area with elevation of 1000-1200m above MSL.
  • The foothill plains, sheltered valleys and the ranges are marked with climatic contrasts.
  • The year is divided into four seasons viz.,
  1. Winter (December-February),Climate of Nagaland
  2. Pre-monsoon (March-April),
  • Monsoon (May-September)
  1. Retreating monsoon (October-November).
  • The beginning of winter is marked by a steep fall in temperature during December. January is the coldest month.
  • In February the temperature starts rising gradually.
  • The winter winds are generally weak and variable.
  • The average annual temperature ranges from 18°C-20°C to 23°C-25°C respectively in the higher and lower elevation.
  • The monsoon lasts for five months from May to September with June, July and August being the wettest months.
  • The following agro-climatic zones in Nagaland are divided into four zones:
  1. Hot per-humid climate
  2. Hot moist sub-humid climate
  • Warm humid climate
  1. Warm per-humid climate

Climate Change aspect of Climate of Nagaland

  • Climate Change has emerged as one of the most serious environmental and socio-economic concerns of our times.
  • It is a global phenomenon with diverse local impacts likely to alter the distribution and quality of our natural resources and adversely affect the livelihood of the people specially the poor and marginalized communities.
  • In 1992, India adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, global initiative to combat climate change.
  • Article 3 of the UNFCCC states that “parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of future and present generations of human kind on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities.”
  • A latecomer into the nation’s development process and with a per capita Green House Gas emission barely a fraction of the national average and the magnitude much below that of other industralised states of the country, the state’s economy is closely linked to its natural resource base and climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and forestry.
  • Hence, the state faces an increased risk of the negative impacts of climate change.
  • The state would therefore adopt a climate friendly, equity based and sustainable developmental path taking into account our “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”, and our regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances.
  • A State Action Plan on Climate Change would be prepared within the ambit of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) albeit with modifications that suits the specific requirements of the state.
  • A climate change cell should be set up to coordinate the gathering of information, conduct research and offer solutions to the problems with regard to food security, change in rainfall patterns etc.
  • Climate change initiatives to be started with the cooperation of the civil society at large to achieve:
  1. Energy efficiency.
  2. Harness renewable energy sources.
  3. Adaptive management in agriculture.
  4. Promote climate friendly technologies.
  5. Launch campaign on 3Rs-recycle, reduce, reuse

Agriculture of Nagaland

by

Agriculture of Nagaland

  • Nagaland, the smallest hilly state situated at the extreme northeastern end of India, lies between 25° 6′ and 27° 4′ latitude, North of Equator and between the Longitudinal line 93° 20’ E and 95° 15’E.
  • The state shares its boundary with Assam on the West, Myanmar on the East, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam on the North and Manipur on the South.
  • One prominent feature of traditional agriculture practices in Nagaland is its high degree of agro-biodiversity.
  • This high agro-biodiversity evolved through exploitation of local site factors, consideration of food security for the family, judicious selection of crops and varieties for cultivation, diversified forms of traditional agricultural systems and in recent years, the cash income generating possibilities.
  • There are four diversified forms of traditional agriculture practiced by the rural villagers of Nagaland: the Jhum (Shifting Cultivation) System, Terrace Rice Cultivation (TRC), Firewood Reserve Forests and Home Gardens.

Agro-Climatic Zones

  • In general, Nagaland has a typical monsoon climate with variants ranging from tropical to temperate conditions.
  • In the plains and low altitudes, the temperatures remains high almost throughout the year excepting the month of December and January, and in the hills and higher altitudes the temperature remain low.
  • The climate is quite invigorating throughout the year. The year is divided into four seasons: Winter, Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Retreading Monsoon.
  • For agriculture purpose, it is divided into two seasons : Winter (Rabi) and Summer (Kharif)
  1. Sub Alpine temperate zone (1500-3500m MSL)
  2. Sub tropical Hill Zone (1000-1500m MSL)
  3. Sub tropical Plain zone (400-1000m MSL)
  4. Mild tropical Hill zone (200-800m MSL)

Land Use Pattern

  • The total geographical area of the State is 16,57,900 Ha. Out of which 7, 22,464 Ha. are under cultivable area which comes to 43.58%.
  • The major land use pattern is slash and burn cultivation locally known as
  • The Angami and Chakesang tribes have on the other hand, developed a system of Wet Terrace Rice Cultivation (WTRC) which is practiced alongside jhum cultivation.
  • Besides, there are other land use systems such as Horticulture and Agro-forestry, which are of recent origin.
  • The combination of horticultural crops with forestry will ensure parmenent plant cover on hill-slops.

Feature of Agriculture of Nagaland

  • Nagaland has basically an agricultural economy.
  • Over 70% of the population is dependent on Agriculture of Nagaland.
  • The main crops are rice, millet, maize and pulses.
  • Cash crops like sugarcane and potato are also becoming popular.
  • Coffee, cardamom and tea are grown as plantation crops in Nagaland.
  • Rice is the dominant crop and also the staple diet of the people, of the gross cropped area under food grains, rice accounts for about 84.4%.
  • Oil seeds are also an important crop which includes Rapeseed, mustard etc.
  • Coffee cardamom and tea are grown as plantation crops in Nagaland.
  • Principal crops are Arums, yams, millet, maize, potatoes and sugarcane. Vegetable crops are melon, cucumbers, spinach leaf, mustard, onion, chillies, carrots, tomatoes, brinjal etc.
  • The two methods of cultivation among the Naga tribes are jhuming and terrace cultivation.
  • The area under jhum cultivation is about 87.339 hectares and under terraced cultivation is about 62,091 hectares.

Jhum Cultivition of Agriculture of Nagaland

  • In jhuming, the individual parcels out his field into a number of plots and cultivates a particular plot for one or two years.
  • In the following year, he shifts to the next plot and that also is cultivated for the same period. In this way, after the rotation is completed, the first plot is taken up again.
  • The jungle is felled and burnt and the crops are sown on the ground fertilized by ashes.
  • The complete rotation of plots may take between six to ten years depending upon the acreage of the field.
  • The longer this duration is, the more fertile the soil becomes and better the crops are, this method of cultivation is in vogue among the Semas, Aos and Lothas.
  • Jhuming has its obvious disadvantages. A large area of land is required for cultivation. Besides, the crops is dependent on rainfall.

Terrace Cultivation of Agriculture of Nagaland

  • A more modern method is that of preparing terraced fields.
  • The Angamis are experts in this art.
  • The complete hillside is cut, beautiful terraces whose width would depend up on the gradient of the feature, are made.
  • The fields are irrigated by a net work of water channels.
  • Normally the terraces are so graduated that water flows down conveniently from one terrace to the other below it, and so on.
  • Bamboo pipes are used to regulate the flow of water.
  • The excavating of the terraces requires a colossal effort, and one marvels at the amount of human energy expended in cutting them into shape, but these terraced fields, once prepared, are much easier to maintain than the jhum plots.
  • They have also the advantage of being closer to the village site.
  • The State Government is trying to persuade the villagers to change over from jhuming to terracing.
  • The Government is in fact, making all out efforts to improve the agriculture.
  • It has under taken a number of irrigation projects, supplied pumping set to farmers, started community Development projects, set up seed farms and established an agricultural research centre.
  • As a result of these measures, there has already been a sustained increase in the tonnage of rice produced.

Agriculture of Nagaland

Crop Rotations:

  1. Paddy- Mustard
  2. Paddy- maize
  3. Paddy- linseed
  4. Maize – Black gram
  5. Soybean –fallow
  6. Paddy-cabbage
  7. Maize- winter vegetables
  8. Cucurbits – winter vegetables
  9. Paddy –fallow
  10. Maize –fallow
  11. Ginger –fallow

Crop Sequences:

  1. Paddy followed by Mustard
  2. Paddy followed by maize
  3. Paddy followed by linseed
  4. Maize followed by Black gram
  5. Soybean followed by fallow
  6. Paddy followed by cabbage
  7. Maize followed by winter vegetables
  8. Cucurbits followed by winter vegetables
  9. Paddy mono crop
  10. Maize mono crop
  11. Ginger mono crops

 

Inter Cropping: Jhum paddy maize, colocasia, soybean, cucurbits

Mixed Cropping Jhum paddy maize, colocasia, soybean, cucurbits

Cash Crops: Cotton Sugarcane, Jute, Tea, Coriander

Rice

  • Cultivation of rice requires hot and moist climate.
  • It is a Kharief crop and is sown in March-April and harvested in Autumn.
  • Sufficient water must cover the fields.
  • Temperature: Rice requires hot and humid conditions. The temperature should be fairly high i.e. 24°C mean monthly temperature with average temperature of 22°C to 32°C.
  • Rainfall: Rainfall ranging between 150-300 cm is suitable for its growth, where rainfall is less than 100 cm, rice is cultivated with the help of irrigation.
  • Soil: Rice is grown in varied soil conditions but deep clayey and loamy soil provides the ideal conditions.

Maize

  • It requires hot dry climate.
  • Rainfall required for maize varies from 75 cms to 125 cms.
  • It is sown in May-July and harvested in August-November

Salient Features of  Indian/Agriculture of Nagaland

  1. Subsistence Agriculture of Nagaland: Most parts of India have subsistence agriculture. This type of Agriculture of Nagaland has been practised in India for several hundreds of years and still prevails in a larger part of India in spite of the large scale change in agricultural practices after independence.
  2. Pressure of population on Agriculture of Nagaland : Despite increase in urbanization and industrialization, about 70% of population is still directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture.
  3. Mechanization of farming: Green Revolution took place in India in the late sixties and early seventies. After more than forty years of Green Revolution and revolution in agricultural machinery and equipments, complete mechanization is still a distant dream
  4. Dependence upon monsoon: Since independence, there has been a rapid expansion of irrigation infrastructure. Despite the large scale expansion, only about one third of total cropped area is irrigated today. As a consequence, two third of cropped areas is still dependent upon monsoon. Monsoon in India is uncertain and unreliable. This has become even more unreliable due to change in climate.
  5. Variety of crops: India has diversity of topography, climate and soil. Since India has both tropical and temperate climate, crops of both the climate are found in India. There are very few countries in the world that have variety comparable to that of India..
  6. Predominance of food crops: Since Indian agriculture has to feed a large population, production of food crops is the first priority of the farmers almost everywhere in the country. However, in recent years, there has been a decline in the share of land used for food crops due to various other commercially most advantageous uses of this land.
  7. Seasonal patterns: India has three distinct agricultural/cropping seasons. You might have heard about kharif, rabi and zaid. In India there are specific crops grown in these three seasons. For example rice is a kharif crop whereas wheat is a rabi crop.

 

Challenges are faced by farmers

Farmers of our country are facing lot of problems regarding agricultural production of crop. Few of them are shortlisted below:

  • Uncertain weather
  • Uneven water availability
  • Lesser yield
  • Low quality crops
  • Lack of soil nutrients
  • Buyer’s monopoly
  • Less cash in hand
  • Less scientific guidance during agricultural
  • Less information regarding selection of crop seed
  • Inadequate information of plant root moisture holding capacity
  • Less information of scientific irrigation process for maximum yield
  • Less aware of the market and growing technology